4 Types of Business Writing [And When to Use Them]

4 Types of Business Writing [And When to Use Them] The universe of business composing can appear to be huge. Every office appears to have varieties of records, each with their customized formats and industry center. Changing situations require fluctuating types of business composing. Be that as it may, the endless records can be refined into to four fundamental classifications. Every class has its general objective. In view of the goal, every one of the numerous business reports falls inside these four wide sections. This article will stall the expansive field of business composing into four classes. Understanding these theoretical divisions will help direct your choices about your archive decision and objective. Style Reminders While the report objective shifts, the center of business composing doesn't. Successful expert composing is composed with an obviously characterized crowd and reason at the top of the priority list. This is results-arranged composition. The content enables the peruser to do or know something. The composing style ought to be composed to be brief, significant, and justifiable. Over the top wording, language, or incidental data have no spot in a business composing. Every component of the report bolsters the correspondence of the reason to the peruser. Obviously, great composing is liberated from language structure and spelling mistakes and mistaken data. 1. Instructional Business Writing Instructional business composing gives the peruser the data expected to finish an errand. The assignment may require be cultivated quickly or it might be for future reference. This sort of archive must separate a procedure into steps that are reasonable to the peruser. The put down account must record for reader’s information on the zone, the extent of the undertaking while at the same time coordinating varieties or expected issues. Models: Client Manual: a guide concentrated on permitting the client to utilize an item. Compelling client manuals are vital to a decent client experience and a glad client. Client manuals are regularly viewed as a major aspect of specialized composition, which is firmly identified with business composing. Details: a specialized archive which gives a layout of an item or procedure that permits it be built or recreated by a new yet proficient client, empowering compelling dispersion. Update: a short warning of new data shared inside an enormous gathering in an association. The notice may incorporate an immediate guidance or be a reference on the best way to finish future errands. 2. Instructive Business Writing Not all business composing requires activity. An enormous volume of setting up is made for reference or account. This classification can incorporate a portion of the less stylish yet at the same time fundamental archives. Recording business data precisely and reliably is significant for stamping progress, anticipating future work, just as consenting to legitimate and legally binding commitments. Report: maybe the greater part of enlightening composing is report composing. Associations depend on reports to act, to impart business and specialized data, to catch work finished, to record episodes, to settle undertakings and proposals, and to go about as a chronicle. An elegantly composed report permits the peruser to effortlessly get a handle on the substance and, if pertinent, settle on educated choices. Financials: records that layout the money related condition of an organization. These announcements give a financial preview of an organization over a characterized period. Minutes: a synopsis of the procedures of a gathering. A record of conversations, choices, and assignments for participants and others. 3. Enticing Business Writing At the point when individuals consider business composing, they regularly think about the influential composing classification. These archives are by and large connected with deals. The powerful composing might be immediate, with center around a particular thing, or roundabout, with center around building up the customer relationship. The objective is to two-crease: to pass on data and to persuade the peruser that the introduced data offers the best worth. The content is composed to intrigue the peruser and influence their choice. Recommendations: these archives layout a proposal of an item or administration to a particular possible customer. The proposition by and large presents venture review, benefits, timetable, expenses, and competency. Deals Email: an email kept in touch with countless individuals to pitch an item or administration. Public statement: a book composed for writers and media introducing new data. The content means to convince the peruser to share the substance through their own channels 4. Value-based Business Writing Regular correspondence falls under value-based business composing. Most of this composing is by email, yet additionally incorporates official letters, structures, and solicitations. A simple method to rapidly improve your value-based business composing is totake an online course. These archives are utilized to advance general tasks. They are likewise used to pass on great and awful news, regularly connected with human asset forms. Messages: reports used to rapidly impart data between staff or customers in business exercises. Peruse our guide on the most proficient method to compose a business email here. Excusal notice: this letter gives the official setting and procedural subtleties related with business end. Every business archive can be categorized as one of these four classifications. By deciding the class, you will better comprehend your document’s objective. This knowledge will improve your composition.

Comparing Atkins and Balance Energy Bars :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Looking at Atkins and Balance Energy Bars         Many are interested by the different weight control plans in the public eye; individuals need to get thinner by finding a dependable technique that will guarantee results. Two normal eating regimens incorporate the Atkins Diet and the Zone Diet. Both of these have vitality bars that contain the supplements need to meet the eating regimens explicit necessities. In the article â€Å"Glycemic and Insulinemic reactions to vitality bars of varying macronutrient structure in sound adults,† by Steven Hetzler and Veonsoo Kim, an investigation was led that analyzed the diverse vitality bars. The investigation took a gander at equivalent extents of these bars to see their impacts on glycemic and insulinemic levels. This paper will concentrate on the distinctions between the Atkins and Balance Energy Bars and the impact they have on glycemic and insulin.         The Atkins Diet contains a low measure of starches, while the Zone Diet has the parts of a 40% sugar, 30% protein, and 30% fat breakdown. The vitality bars related with these eating routine impacts the glycemic and insulin levels in the body. By having a decrease of glycemic and insulin levels in the body influences an eating routine. By having low glucose levels this will at last lead to weight reduction. This occurs either through the expulsion of sugars or by subbing low glycemic list sugars for higher ones. In doing this the higher level of insulin will be decreased, for instance high blood cholesterol levels will go down.         To test the insulin and glycemic levels the vitality bars contain the examination had 20 solid grown-up members. They were part into gatherings accepting 1 of 5 test dinners; 1 being low sugars, 2) moderate starches, 3) high sugars, 4) white bread, and 5) chicken bosom. Chicken bosom was the negative control since it contains no starches, though white bread was the positive control. Test dinners 1) with the low starches, incorporate the Atkins Energy Bar, and test supper 2) incorporates the Balance Energy Bar.         In request to see the degrees of the glucose and insulin after devouring the bars blood tests were taken and broke down. In this analyze the Atkins vitality bar created the most minimal glucose results.

New Student Photo Entry #25 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #25 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first two photos today were submitted by Libby Abbott, an incoming MIA student who is also pursuing a dual degree with Public Health. Barisal Division, Bangladesh:   From a young age girls join women in the daily tasks of washing clothes and cooking vessels and collecting water from the local pukurs, or ponds. Banaras, Uttar Pradesh, India:   At dawn on the morning of Deep Depavali, the steps of Assi Ghat in the Hindu holy city of Varanasi (or Banaras), India are busy with offerings of flowers, candles, and water from the Ganga. _________________________________________________ The following photo was submitted by incoming MIA student, Olivia Barata Cavalcanti. Ayeniah, Ghana:   It was the first day of school at the orphanage where I was volunteering and the kids were very excited about it!

Depression A Mental Illness - 801 Words

Depression is a very serious and detailed disease that affects the brain and body in multiple ways. Most people think of it as a simple chemical imbalance, but in reality; it is very complicated and has multiple components. This disease has intrigued multiple people and has brought them to study numerous amounts of text and even create their own writings about this mental illness. The History of Depression Depression has been apprehended as an ailment for thousands of years and has been studied by multiple people throughout them. The Egyptians wrote of the problem and has even created a temple that seems to be used as almost a hospital for the mentally sick. The Ancient Greeks and Romans also recognized the idea of depression. In the 1500s they described it as a deep sadness. The Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians saw depression as a curse. They blamed angry and troublemaking Gods for the illness. Due to this belief, rituals and prayers had a main part of treating depression. The Ancient Greeks and Romans called the disease they believed to be cursed upon them â€Å"Melencholia†, which is what the world melancholy comes from. It was not until around 300 B.C.E. that somewhat of a scientific explanation had appeared. Hippocrates, a Greek physician, proposed the idea of an imbalance of four substances, or humors, in the body. Hippocrates believed that the four humors were yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm, and he believed an increased amount of black bile induced deepShow MoreRelatedThe Mental Illness Of Depression1510 Words   |  7 Pages A mental illness is a â€Å"condition that impacts a person s thinking, feeling or mood and may affect his or her ability to relate to others and function on a daily basis† (Nami). Just because people are diagnosed with the same mental illness does not mean that they will react the same way as others. Some people with mental illness are very quiet, nice, and most of the time you can’t even tell that they have a mental illness, most of the time those are people that have been diagnosed with depressionRead MoreMental Depression And Mental Illness1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe number of inmates in the department of corrections that have a mental illness is steadily rising. In 2006 there was estimated to be 705,600 mentally ill inmates in state prisons, 78,000 in federal prisons and 47,900 in local jails (NIC). Most inmates suffer from social anxiety disorders or depression. There are three times more people in prisons with mental health problems than in actual hospitals (News). However, this is a problem for various reasons, two being that prisons cannot afford theRead MoreDepression : Mental Illness And Depression1928 Words   |  8 Pages Depression Overview Depression is a mental illness that has been around the world since our ancestors and is often over looked by people. Depression does not have an age requirement or personal preference; it can happen to anyone at any given time. In addition, â€Å"depression is one of the most four most common problems managed in practice† (â€Å"Physical†). Majority of the people who have depression are not treated for it. Depression is an illness because people can’t choose to act that way. ThereRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Mental Illness1070 Words   |  5 Pagespleasurable than to live through each day with depression. Several societies consider mental health a topic of taboo in today’s society. Due to the lack of education and conversation about mental illnesses and how to properly handle them, many people are ignorant to the subject. Depression, in particular, is an incredibly common disorder and, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) , about 1 in 5 adults are diagnosed with a mental disorder (3). A mind-baffling number, one in fiveRead MoreEffects Of Depression On Mental Illness1383 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is a disabling condition that impacts a person’s relationships, life, and health (Nardi, Francesconi, Catena-Dell’Osso, Bellantuono, 2013). People develop depression from many life stressors, including loss of a loved one, low self-esteem, lack of social support, job loss, natural life stressors, and many more. Many types of therapy can alleviate the symptoms of depression for an individual. However, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been shown to have the most consistent enduring effectsRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesJK Rowling once said It s so difficult to describe depression to someone who s never been there, because it s not sadness. In today’s world, more than 350 million people suffering from depression. It can be easily seen as big part of the truth from JK Rowling. We as a society suffering more from our approaches and how we define our problems. In United states more than 15 million Americans, or 9.5% of the population in any given one-year period. At one or more points in their lives, 10%-25% ofRead MoreIs Depression A Serious Mental Illness?1219 Words   |  5 Pages Depression is a serious mental illness that is more than just a sad feeling. It has proven to be much more complex and has associations with personality as well as its traits, specifically two out of the Big Five personality traits; neuroticism and conscientiousness (McCrae Costa, 1999). The research conducted by Philip I. Chow and Brent E. Roberts of the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois, have conducted their own research to provide evidence that these static levels ofRead MoreDepression : A Serious Mental Illness2213 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Depression is a serious mental illness that changes how an individual thinks and feels. It can also affect their social behaviors and physical wellness. Depression also significantly affects an individuals self esteem. It is not jut a feeling of occasional sadness, but a constant feeling of sadness that stays with you. Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders that can affect a wide range of individuals. It has a wide range of symptoms, causes and risk factors. In someRead MoreDepression : A Common Mental Illness1253 Words   |  6 PagesSilent Suffering Depression is a common mental illness affecting random people and the chance of prevalence is 10-15%. Individuals that are depressed have a higher chance of developing other illnesses and committing suicide. Although depression can be overcome, it may be difficult and everyone should learn the signs and symptoms as well as prevention methods in order to do so. If someone else is depressed, help should be given. Recovering from depression may be tough and require close friends andRead MoreMajor Depression And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesOne in four adults−approximately 61.5 million Americans experiences mental illness in a give year. One in 17−about 13.6 million live with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, major depression or bipolar disorder (The National Alliance on Mental Health,2013). A person’s mind automatically changes during the state of depression, and he thinks of several negative things all at one time. He might feel that, he is always facing failures every now and then. A person might be suffering from a

Most Logical Philosophy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 583 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Topics: Confucianism Essay Did you like this example? Confucianism is evidently the most logical philosophy to be used as the official belief system of the State, as it is superior to other systems and would cause the government to function well. Confucianism is a belief system revolving around the ideas of Confucius, an extremely influential ancient Chinese teacher, editor, philosopher, and politician who lived from 551 to 479 BC. Unlike other people who made breakthroughs in religion, Confucius did not focus so much on religious matters such as salvation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Most Logical Philosophy" essay for you Create order He instead developed a philosophy, that focused on worldly goals, especially emphasizing social order and a good government. He believed in five key relationships that revolved around the idea that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society. He generally focused on peoples place and role in society, as he believed in establishing a stable government, which is why his system of beliefs would be the best way to run an effective government. Confucius believed that if the government were to be stable, the members of society would have to have some sort of social stability between themselves. He believed that harmony resulted when people accepted and fulfilled their role in society. He preached the idea of five key relationships: father to son, elder brother to younger brother, husband to wife, ruler to subject, and friend to friend. Confucius believed that social hierarchies existed between all people besides between friends. Confucius believed that everyone had different social responsibilities based on their social status. He believed in the general rule that superiors must care for their inferiors and set a good example, and inferiors owe loyalty and obedience to their superiors. For example, a womans duty was to ensure the stability of the home, promote harmony, and be obedient to her husband. He believed that correct behavior would lead to order and stability among people. Confucius ranked filial piety, or respect for parents, above any other duty. Confuciuss main principles include honesty, hard work, and concern for others. He preached the famous moral: Do not do to others, what you do not wish yourself. All of these morals and ideas stack up to establish the stability between the general population. Many of Confuciuss teachings revolve around the idea of a good leader, and this is, along with the key relationships, is something that separates Confucianism from other belief systems, as it does not rely primarily, or at all, on superstition. It instead solely focuses on how to establish and maintain stability and order within a society. Confucius believed that a ruler had the responsibility to provide good government, and in return, people would be respectful and loyal subjects. He believed that the best ruler is one who preaches by good example. Confucius urged rulers to be well educated, as that is what separates men. He always encouraged rulers to speak with and take advice from wise, educated men. Confucianism is the perfect belief system to input into a government because its teachings are great in helping establish good relationships between the common people, through the five key relationships. It taught and provided useful morals for becoming a successful ruler. To put it all together, Confucianism shows how to make a connection between the people and the rulers themselves. Confucianism, unlike other belief systems, does not solely or in part focus on religion or superstition to preach its ideas, and instead teaches how to develop an effective government and establish connections between people, which is why it is the best belief system for the government.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 122-126 Free Essays

CHAPTER 122 The secret is how to die. Mal’akh knew it had all gone wrong. There was no brilliant light. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Symbol Chapter 122-126 or any similar topic only for you Order Now No wondrous reception. Only darkness and excruciating pain. Even in his eyes. He could see nothing, and yet he sensed movement all around him. There were voices . . . human voices . . . one of them, strangely, belonging to Robert Langdon. How can this be? â€Å"She’s okay,† Langdon kept repeating. â€Å"Katherine is fine, Peter. Your sister is okay.† No, Mal’akh thought. Katherine is dead. She must be. Mal’akh could no longer see, could not tell if his eyes were even open, but he heard the helicopter banking away. An abrupt calm settled through the Temple Room. Mal’akh could feel the smooth rhythms of the earth becoming uneven . . . as if the ocean’s natural tides were being disrupted by a gathering storm. Chao ab ordo. Unfamiliar voices were shouting now, talking urgently with Langdon about the laptop and video file. It’s too late, Mal’akh knew. The damage is done. By now the video was spreading like wildfire into every corner of a shocked world, destroying the future of the brotherhood. Those most capable of spreading the wisdom must be destroyed. The ignorance of mankind is what helped the chaos grow. The absence of Light on earth is what nourished the Darkness that awaited Mal’akh. I have done great deeds, and soon I will be received as a king. Mal’akh sensed that a lone individual had quietly approached. He knew who it was. He could smell the sacred oils he had rubbed into his father’s shaved body. â€Å"I don’t know if you can hear me,† Peter Solomon whispered in his ear. â€Å"But I want you to know something.† He touched a finger to the sacred spot atop Mal’akh’s skull. â€Å"What you wrote here . . .† He paused. â€Å"This is not the Lost Word.† Of course it is, Mal’akh thought. You convinced me of that beyond a doubt. According to legend, the Lost Word was written in a language so ancient and arcane that mankind had all but forgotten how to read it. This mysterious language, Peter had revealed, was in fact the oldest language on earth. The language of symbols. In the idiom of symbology, there was one symbol that reigned supreme above all others. The oldest and most universal, this symbol fused all the ancient traditions in a single solitary image that represented the illumination of the Egyptian sun god, the triumph of alchemical gold, the wisdom of the Philosopher’s Stone, the purity of the Rosicrucian Rose, the moment of Creation, the All, the dominance of the astrological sun, and even the omniscient all-seeing eye that hovered atop the unfinished pyramid. The circumpunct. The symbol of the Source. The origin of all things. This is what Peter had told him moments ago. Mal’akh had been skeptical at first, but then he had looked again at the grid, realizing that the image of the pyramid was pointing directly at the lone symbol of the circumpunct–a circle with a dot in its center. The Masonic Pyramid is a map, he thought, recalling the legend, which points to the Lost Word. It seemed his father was telling the truth after all. All great truths are simple. The Lost Word is not a word . . . it is a symbol. Eagerly, Mal’akh had inscribed the great symbol of the circumpunct on his scalp. As he did so, he felt an upwelling of power and satisfaction. My masterpiece and offering are complete. The forces of darkness were waiting for him now. He would be rewarded for his work. This was to be his moment of glory . . . And yet, at the last instant, everything had gone horribly wrong. Peter was still behind him now, speaking words that Mal’akh could barely fathom. â€Å"I lied to you,† he was saying. â€Å"You left me no choice. If I had revealed to you the true Lost Word, you would not have believed me, nor would you have understood.† The Lost Word is . . . not the circumpunct? â€Å"The truth is,† said Peter, â€Å"the Lost Word is known to all . . . but recognized by very few.† The words echoed in Mal’akh’s mind. â€Å"You remain incomplete,† Peter said, gently placing his palm on top of Mal’akh’s head. â€Å"Your work is not yet done. But wherever you are going, please know this . . . you were loved.† For some reason, the gentle touch of his father’s hand felt like it was burning through him like a potent catalyst that was initiating a chemical reaction inside Mal’akh’s body. Without warning, he felt a rush of blistering energy surging through his physical shell, as if every cell in his body were now dissolving. In an instant, all of his worldly pain evaporated. Transformation. It’s happening. I am gazing down upon myself, a wreck of bloody flesh on the sacred slab of granite. My father is kneeling behind me, holding my lifeless head with his one remaining hand. I feel an upwelling of rage . . . and confusion. This is not a moment for compassion . . . it is for revenge, for transformation . . . and yet still my father refuses to submit, refuses to fulfill his role, refuses to channel his pain and anger through the knife blade and into my heart. I am trapped here, hovering . . . tethered to my earthly shell. My father gently runs a soft palm across my face to close my fading eyes. I feel the tether release. A billowing veil materializes around me, thickening and dimming the light, hiding the world from view. Suddenly time accelerates, and I am plunging into an abyss far darker than any I have ever imagined. Here, in the barren void, I hear a whispering . . . I sense a gathering force. It strengthens, mounting at a startling rate, surrounding me. Ominous and powerful. Dark and commanding. I am not alone here. This is my triumph, my grand reception. And yet, for some reason, I am filled not with joy, but rather with boundless fear. It is nothing like I expect. The force is churning now, swirling around me with commanding strength, threatening to tear me apart. Suddenly, without warning, the blackness gathers itself like a great prehistoric beast and rears up before me. I am facing all the dark souls who have gone before. I am screaming in infinite terror . . . as the darkness swallows me whole. CHAPTER 123 Inside the National Cathedral, Dean Galloway sensed a strange change in the air. He was not sure why, but he felt as if a ghostly shadow had evaporated . . . as if a weight had been lifted . . . far away and yet right here. Alone at his desk, he was deep in thought. He was not sure how many minutes had passed when his phone rang. It was Warren Bellamy. â€Å"Peter’s alive,† his Masonic brother said. â€Å"I just heard the news. I knew you’d want to know immediately. He’s going to be okay.† â€Å"Thank God.† Galloway exhaled. â€Å"Where is he?† Galloway listened as Bellamy recounted the extraordinary tale of what had transpired after they had left Cathedral College. â€Å"But all of you are okay?† â€Å"Recuperating, yes,† Bellamy said. â€Å"There is one thing, though.† He paused. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"The Masonic Pyramid . . . I think Langdon may have solved it.† Galloway had to smile. Somehow he was not surprised. â€Å"And tell me, did Langdon discover whether or not the pyramid kept its promise? Whether or not it revealed what legend always claimed it would reveal?† â€Å"I don’t know yet.† It will, Galloway thought. â€Å"You need to rest.† â€Å"As do you.† No, I need to pray. CHAPTER 124 When the elevator door opened, the lights in the Temple Room were all ablaze. Katherine Solomon’s legs still felt rubbery as she hurried in to find her brother. The air in this enormous chamber was cold and smelled of incense. The scene that greeted her stopped her in her tracks. In the center of this magnificent room, on a low stone altar, lay a bloody, tattooed corpse, a body perforated by spears of broken glass. High above, a gaping hole in the ceiling opened to the heavens. My God. Katherine immediately looked away, her eyes scanning for Peter. She found her brother sitting on the other side of the room, being tended to by a medic while talking with Langdon and Director Sato. â€Å"Peter!† Katherine called, running over. â€Å"Peter!† Her brother glanced up, his expression filling with relief. He was on his feet at once, moving toward her. He was wearing a simple white shirt and dark slacks, which someone had probably gotten for him from his office downstairs. His right arm was in a sling, and their gentle embrace was awkward, but Katherine barely noticed. A familiar comfort surrounded her like a cocoon, as it always had, even in childhood, when her protective older brother embraced her. They held each other in silence. Finally Katherine whispered, â€Å"Are you okay? I mean . . . really?† She released him, looking down at the sling and bandage where his right hand used to be. Tears welled again in her eyes. â€Å"I’m so . . . so sorry.† Peter shrugged as if it were nothing of consequence. â€Å"Mortal flesh. Bodies don’t last forever. The important thing is that you’re okay.† Peter’s lighthearted response tore at her emotions, reminding her of all the reasons she loved him. She stroked his head, feeling the unbreakable bonds of family . . . the shared blood that flowed in their veins. Tragically, she knew there was a third Solomon in the room tonight. The corpse on the altar drew her gaze, and Katherine shuddered deeply, trying to block out the photos she had seen. She looked away, her eyes now finding Robert Langdon’s. There was compassion there, deep and perceptive, as if Langdon somehow knew exactly what she was thinking. Peter knows. Raw emotion gripped Katherine–relief, sympathy, despair. She felt her brother’s body begin trembling like a child’s. It was something she had never witnessed in her entire life. â€Å"Just let it go,† she whispered. â€Å"It’s okay. Just let it go.† Peter’s trembling grew deeper. She held him again, stroking the back of his head. â€Å"Peter, you’ve always been the strong one . . . you’ve always been there for me. But I’m here for you now. It’s okay. I’m right here.† Katherine eased his head gently onto her shoulder . . . and the great Peter Solomon collapsed sobbing in her arms. Director Sato stepped away to take an incoming call. It was Nola Kaye. Her news, for a change, was good. â€Å"Still no signs of distribution, ma’am.† She sounded hopeful. â€Å"I’m confident we would have seen something by now. It looks like you contained it.† Thanks to you, Nola, Sato thought, glancing down at the laptop, which Langdon had seen complete its transmission. A very close call. At Nola’s suggestion, the agent searching the mansion had checked the garbage cans, discovering packaging for a newly purchased cellular modem. With the exact model number, Nola had been able to cross-reference compatible carriers, bandwidths, and service grids, isolating the laptop’s most likely access node–a small transmitter on the corner of Sixteenth and Corcoran–three blocks from the Temple. Nola quickly relayed the information to Sato in the helicopter. On approach toward the House of the Temple, the pilot had performed a low-altitude flyover and pulsed the relay node with a blast of electromagnetic radiation, knocking it off-line only seconds before the laptop completed its transfer. â€Å"Great work tonight,† Sato said. â€Å"Now get some sleep. You’ve earned it.† â€Å"Thank you, ma’am.† Nola hesitated. â€Å"Was there something else?† Nola was silent a long moment, apparently considering whether or not to speak. â€Å"Nothing that can’t wait till morning, ma’am. Have a good night.† CHAPTER 125 In the silence of an elegant bathroom on the ground floor of the House of the Temple, Robert Langdon ran warm water into a tile sink and eyed himself in the mirror. Even in the muted light, he looked like he felt . . . utterly spent. His daybag was on his shoulder again, much lighter now . . . empty except for his personal items and some crumpled lecture notes. He had to chuckle. His visit to D.C. tonight to give a lecture had turned out a bit more grueling than he’d anticipated. Even so, Langdon had a lot to be grateful for. Peter is alive. And the video was contained. As Langdon scooped handfuls of warm water onto his face, he gradually felt himself coming back to life. Everything was still a blur, but the adrenaline in his body was finally dissipating . . . and he was feeling like himself again. After drying his hands, he checked his Mickey Mouse watch. My God, it’s late. Langdon exited the bathroom and wound his way along the curved wall of the Hall of Honor–a gracefully arched passageway, lined with portraits of accomplished Masons . . . U.S. presidents, philanthropists, luminaries, and other influential Americans. He paused at an oil painting of Harry S. Truman and tried to imagine the man undergoing the rites, rituals, and studies required to become a Mason. There is a hidden world behind the one we all see. For all of us. â€Å"You slipped away,† a voice said down the hall. Langdon turned. It was Katherine. She’d been through hell tonight, and yet she looked suddenly radiant . . . rejuvenated somehow. Langdon gave a tired smile. â€Å"How’s he doing?† Katherine walked up and embraced him warmly. â€Å"How can I ever thank you?† He laughed. â€Å"You know I didn’t do anything, right?† Katherine held him for a long time. â€Å"Peter’s going to be fine . . .† She let go and looked deep into Langdon’s eyes. â€Å"And he just told me something incredible . . . something wonderful.† Her voice trembled with anticipation. â€Å"I need to go see it for myself. I’ll be back in a bit.† â€Å"What? Where are you going?† â€Å"I won’t be long. Right now, Peter wants to speak with you . . . alone. He’s waiting in the library.† â€Å"Did he say why?† Katherine chuckled and shook her head. â€Å"You know Peter and his secrets.† â€Å"But–â€Å" â€Å"I’ll see you in a bit.† Then she was gone. Langdon sighed heavily. He felt like he’d had enough secrets for one night. There were unanswered questions, of course–the Masonic Pyramid and the Lost Word among them–but he sensed that the answers, if they even existed, were not for him. Not as a non-Mason. Mustering the last of his energy, Langdon made his way to the Masonic library. When he arrived, Peter was sitting all alone at a table with the stone pyramid before him. â€Å"Robert?† Peter smiled and waved him in. â€Å"I’d like a word.† Langdon managed a grin. â€Å"Yes, I hear you lost one.† CHAPTER 126 The library in the House of the Temple was D.C.’s oldest public reading room. Its elegant stacks burgeoned with over a quarter of a million volumes, including a rare copy of the Ahiman Rezon, The Secrets of a Prepared Brother. In addition, the library displayed precious Masonic jewels, ritual artifacts, and even a rare volume that had been hand-printed by Benjamin Franklin. Langdon’s favorite library treasure, however, was one few ever noticed. The illusion. Solomon had shown him long ago that from the proper vantage point, the library’s reading desk and golden table lamp created an unmistakable optical illusion . . . that of a pyramid and shining golden capstone. Solomon said he always considered the illusion a silent reminder that the mysteries of Freemasonry were perfectly visible to anyone and everyone if they were seen from the proper perspective. Tonight, however, the mysteries of Freemasonry had materialized front and center. Langdon now sat opposite the Worshipful Master Peter Solomon and the Masonic Pyramid. Peter was smiling. â€Å"The `word’ you refer to, Robert, is not a legend. It is a reality.† Langdon stared across the table and finally spoke. â€Å"But . . . I don’t understand. How is that possible?† â€Å"What is so difficult to accept?† All of it! Langdon wanted to say, searching his old friend’s eyes for any hint of common sense. â€Å"You’re saying you believe the Lost Word is real . . . and that it has actual power?† â€Å"Enormous power,† Peter said. â€Å"It has the power to transform human kind by unlocking the Ancient Mysteries.† â€Å"A word?† Langdon challenged. â€Å"Peter, I can’t possibly believe a word–â€Å" â€Å"You will believe,† Peter stated calmly. Langdon stared in silence. â€Å"As you know,† Solomon continued, standing now and pacing around the table, â€Å"it has long been prophesied that there will come a day when the Lost Word will be rediscovered . . . a day when it will be unearthed . . . and mankind will once again have access to its forgotten power.† Langdon flashed on Peter’s lecture about the Apocalypse. Although many people erroneously interpreted apocalypse as a cataclysmic end of the world, the word literally signified an â€Å"unveiling,† predicted by the ancients to be that of great wisdom. The coming age of enlightenment. Even so, Langdon could not imagine such a vast change being ushered in by . . . a word. Peter motioned to the stone pyramid, which sat on the table beside its golden capstone. â€Å"The Masonic Pyramid,† he said. â€Å"The legendary symbolon. Tonight it stands unified . . . and complete.† Reverently, he lifted the golden capstone and set it atop the pyramid. The heavy gold piece clicked softly into place. â€Å"Tonight, my friend, you have done what has never been done before. You have assembled the Masonic Pyramid, deciphered all of its codes, and in the end, unveiled . . . this.† Solomon produced a sheet of paper and laid it on the table. Langdon recognized the grid of symbols that had been reorganized using the Order Eight Franklin Square. He had studied it briefly in the Temple Room. Peter said, â€Å"I am curious to know if you can read this array of symbols. After all, you are the specialist.† Langdon eyed the grid. Heredom, circumpunct, pyramid, staircase . . . Langdon sighed. â€Å"Well, Peter, as you can probably see, this is an allegorical pictogram. Clearly its language is metaphorical and symbolic rather than literal.† Solomon chuckled. â€Å"Ask a symbologist a simple question . . . Okay, tell me what you see.† Peter really wants to hear this? Langdon pulled the page toward him. â€Å"Well, I looked at it earlier, and, in simple terms, I see that this grid is a picture . . . depicting heaven and earth.† Peter arched his eyebrows, looking surprised. â€Å"Oh?† â€Å"Sure. At the top of the image, we have the word Heredom–the `Holy House’–which I interpret as the House of God . . . or heaven.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"The downward-facing arrow after Heredom signifies that the rest of the pictogram clearly lies in the realm beneath heaven . . . that being . . . earth.† Langdon’s eyes glided now to the bottom of the grid. â€Å"The lowest two rows, those beneath the pyramid, represent the earth itself–terra firma–the lowest of all the realms. Fittingly, these lower realms contain the twelve ancient astrological signs, which represent the primordial religion of those first human souls who looked to the heavens and saw the hand of God in the movement of the stars and planets.† Solomon slid his chair closer and studied the grid. â€Å"Okay, what else?† â€Å"On a foundation of astrology,† Langdon continued, â€Å"the great pyramid rises from the earth . . . stretching toward heaven . . . the enduring symbol of lost wisdom. It is filled with history’s great philosophies and religions . . . Egyptian, Pythagorean, Buddhist, Hindu, Islamic, Judeo-Christian, and on and on . . . all flowing upward, merging together, funneling themselves up through the transformative gateway of the pyramid . . . where they finally fuse into a single, unified human philosophy.† He paused. â€Å"A single universal consciousness . . . a shared global vision of God . . . represented by the ancient symbol that hovers over the capstone.† â€Å"The circumpunct,† Peter said. â€Å"A universal symbol for God.† â€Å"Right. Throughout history, the circumpunct has been all things to all people–it is the sun god Ra, alchemical gold, the all-seeing eye, the singularity point before the Big Bang, the–â€Å" â€Å"The Great Architect of the Universe.† Langdon nodded, sensing this was probably the same argument Peter had used in the Temple Room to sell the idea of the circumpunct as the Lost Word. â€Å"And finally?† Peter asked. â€Å"What about the staircase?† Langdon glanced down at the image of the stairs beneath the pyramid. â€Å"Peter, I’m sure you know as well as anyone, this symbolizes the Winding Staircase of Freemasonry . . . leading upward out of the earthly darkness into the light . . . like Jacob’s ladder climbing to heaven . . . or the tiered human spine that connects man’s mortal body to his eternal mind.† He paused. â€Å"As for the rest of the symbols, they appear to be a blend of celestial, Masonic, and scientific, all lending support to the Ancient Mysteries.† Solomon stroked his chin. â€Å"An elegant interpretation, Professor. I agree, of course, that this grid can be read as allegory, and yet . . .† His eyes flashed with deepening mystery. â€Å"This collection of symbols tells another story as well. A story that is far more revealing.† â€Å"Oh?† Solomon began pacing again, circling the table. â€Å"Earlier tonight, inside the Temple Room, when I believed I was going to die, I looked at this grid, and somehow I saw past the metaphor, past the allegory, into the very heart of what these symbols are telling us.† He paused, turning abruptly to Langdon. â€Å"This grid reveals the exact location where the Lost Word is buried.† â€Å"Come again?† Langdon shifted uneasily in his chair, suddenly fearing that the trauma of the evening had left Peter disorientated and confused. â€Å"Robert, legend has always described the Masonic Pyramid as a map–a very specific map–a map that could guide the worthy to the secret location of the Lost Word.† Solomon tapped the grid of symbols in front of Langdon. â€Å"I guarantee you, these symbols are exactly what legend says they are . . . a map. A specific diagram that reveals exactly where we will find the staircase that leads down to the Lost Word.† Langdon gave an uneasy laugh, treading carefully now. â€Å"Even if I believed the Legend of the Masonic Pyramid, this grid of symbols can’t possibly be a map. Look at it. It looks nothing like a map.† Solomon smiled. â€Å"Sometimes all it takes is a tiny shift of perspective to see something familiar in a totally new light.† Langdon looked again but saw nothing new. â€Å"Let me ask you a question,† Peter said. â€Å"When Masons lay cornerstones, do you know why we lay them in the northeast corner of a building?† â€Å"Sure, because the northeast corner receives the first rays of morning light. It is symbolic of the power of architecture to climb out of the earth into the light.† â€Å"Right,† Peter said. â€Å"So perhaps you should look there for the first rays of light.† He motioned to the grid. â€Å"In the northeast corner.† Langdon returned his eyes to the page, moving his gaze to the upper right or northeast corner. The symbol in that corner was . â€Å"A downward-pointing arrow,† Langdon said, trying to grasp Solomon’s point. â€Å"Which means . . . beneath Heredom.† â€Å"No, Robert, not beneath,† Solomon replied. â€Å"Think. This grid is not a metaphorical maze. It’s a map. And on a map, a directional arrow that points down means–â€Å" â€Å"South,† Langdon exclaimed, startled. â€Å"Exactly!† Solomon replied, grinning now with excitement. â€Å"Due south! On a map, down is south. Moreover, on a map, the word Heredom would not be a metaphor for heaven, it would be the name of a geographic location.† â€Å"The House of the Temple? You’re saying this map is pointing . . . due south of this building?† â€Å"Praise God!† Solomon said, laughing. â€Å"Light dawns at last.† Langdon studied the grid. â€Å"But, Peter . . . even if you’re right, due south of this building could be anywhere on a longitude that’s over twenty-four thousand miles long.† â€Å"No, Robert. You are ignoring the legend, which claims the Lost Word is buried in D.C. That shortens the line substantially. In addition, legend also claims that a large stone sits atop the opening of the staircase . . . and that this stone is engraved with a message in an ancient language . . . as a kind of marker so the worthy can find it.† Langdon was having trouble taking any of this seriously, and while he didn’t know D.C. well enough to picture what was due south of their current location, he was pretty certain there was no huge engraved stone atop a buried staircase. â€Å"The message inscribed on the stone,† Peter said, â€Å"is right here before our eyes.† He tapped the third row of the grid before Langdon. â€Å"This is the inscription, Robert! You’ve solved the puzzle!† Dumbfounded, Langdon studied the seven symbols. Solved? Langdon had no idea whatsoever what these seven disparate symbols could possibly mean, and he was damned sure they were not engraved anywhere in the nation’s capital . . . particularly on a giant stone over a staircase. â€Å"Peter,† he said, â€Å"I don’t see how this sheds any light at all. I know of no stone in D.C. engraved with this . . . message.† Solomon patted him on the shoulder. â€Å"You have walked past it and never seen it. We all have. It is sitting in plain view, like the mysteries themselves. And tonight, when I saw these seven symbols, I realized in an instant that the legend was true. The Lost Word is buried in D.C. . . . and it does rest at the bottom of a long staircase beneath an enormous engraved stone.† Mystified, Langdon remained silent. â€Å"Robert, tonight I believe you have earned the right to know the truth.† Langdon stared at Peter, trying to process what he had just heard. â€Å"You’re going to tell me where the Lost Word is buried?† â€Å"No,† Solomon said, standing up with a smile. â€Å"I’m going to show you.† Five minutes later, Langdon was buckling himself into the backseat of the Escalade beside Peter Solomon. Simkins climbed in behind the wheel as Sato approached across the parking lot. â€Å"Mr. Solomon?† the director said, lighting a cigarette as she arrived. â€Å"I’ve just made the call you requested.† â€Å"And?† Peter asked through his open window. â€Å"I ordered them to give you access. Briefly.† â€Å"Thank you.† Sato studied him, looking curious. â€Å"I must say, it’s a most unusual request.† Solomon gave an enigmatic shrug. Sato let it go, circling around to Langdon’s window and rapping with her knuckles. Langdon lowered the window. â€Å"Professor,† she said, with no hint of warmth. â€Å"Your assistance tonight, while reluctant, was critical to our success . . . and for that, I thank you.† She took a long drag on her cigarette and blew it sideways. â€Å"However, one final bit of advice. The next time a senior administrator of the CIA tells you she has a national-security crisis . . .† Her eyes flashed black. â€Å"Leave the bullshit in Cambridge.† Langdon opened his mouth to speak, but Director Inoue Sato had already turned and was headed off across the parking lot toward a waiting helicopter. Simkins glanced over his shoulder, stone-faced. â€Å"Are you gentlemen ready?† â€Å"Actually,† Solomon said, â€Å"just one moment.† He produced a small, folded piece of dark fabric and handed it to Langdon. â€Å"Robert, I’d like you to put this on before we go anywhere.† Puzzled, Langdon examined the cloth. It was black velvet. As he unfolded it, he realized he was holding a Masonic hoodwink–the traditional blindfold of a first-degree initiate. What the hell? Peter said, â€Å"I’d prefer you not see where we’re going.† Langdon turned to Peter. â€Å"You want to blindfold me for the journey?† Solomon grinned. â€Å"My secret. My rules.† How to cite The Lost Symbol Chapter 122-126, Essay examples

Safety and Risk Management Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Safety and Risk Management Analysis. Answer: Introduction Safety measures cannot give guarantee 100% insurance against all dangers in an organization. Thus, risk analysis is the way toward assessing system vulnerabilities and the threats confronting it. Risk management is the procedure of actualizing and keeping up countermeasures that lessen the impacts of hazard to a worthy level. The present study deals with related models, security standards as well as network protocols in an organization. In addition, threat, vulnerabilities and tools are discussed in the present study. Definitions of key terms OSI model: It is a open system interconnection model that characterizes as well as standardizes functions of communication. IT Security policy: It can be defined as securing the system or organization. It identifies constraints on behavior of the system elements. Models related to IT security in an organization Security models for control are utilized in order to decide the process of deploying security and the subjects can get to the system, and what objects can be approached. The approach can formalize security policy (Webb et al. 2014). Security models of control can be implemented by upholding integrity, confidentiality as well as different controls. It is essential that models lays out expansive rules will be utilized as well as in specific nature. State Machine level: The model is usually based on finite state machine. The machine is generally used to the complicated model systems as well as deals with acceptors, recognizer and state variables. In addition, state machine has ability to define behavior of finite number of states. The transactions between the states as well as actions can occur. One of the most common representations of the sate machine is through the state machine level. A state machine level can monitor status of the particular system in order to prevent the system from slipping into the state of insecure. The model is valued through understanding the state of system. Information flow model The extension model of the state machine is level concept and serves based on the design. In addition, the flow model includes the objects, state transactions as well as lattice of states. On the other hand, goal of information level is preventing unauthorized and insecure information flow in any of the directions (Rittinghouss Ransome, 2016). The particular model can develop the use of guards, and allow exchange of data between several systems. However, guards allow exchanging of data between several systems. IT and security standards in the organization IT security or cyber security standards are recognized as techniques that are usually set forth in the published formats, which can attempt in order to protect IT environment of users in an organization. The environment consists of the users and networks, devices as well as services and system. The principal objective is reducing risks consisting of prevention or migration of the cyber attacks. ISO/IEC 27002 is one of the well-known codes of practice for managing information technology in an organization. The standard refers to a code of practice for managing information security (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). It is a common basis as well as practical guideline in order to develop organization and standards for business security and the process of managing the standard. The standard includes the guidelines as well as the best practices along with recommendations for various information security domains like followed. Information security management policy Human resources security Organization for information security of asset management Physical and environmental security Incident management as well as Business continuity and compliance Risk analysis IT security risk assessment is a document, which reviews possible threats the faces of organization, naturals or man-made. The threats are usually weighted through likelihood of occurrences as well as used for determining to protect threats. Enterprise risk management is one of the fundamental approaches in order to manage an organization. Based on the landmark work of the committee, it can be achieved (Wu et al. 2014). IT enterprise security evaluation is required to perform for allowing the organizations assessing, identifying as well as modifying the overall security posture of the organization. The procedure is required to achieve through making commitment in organizational management and commitment for allocating the resources as well as deploy security solutions Depending on the size as well as complexity of the organization; it is needed for determining in-depth evaluation. Security risk assessment needs to include continuous activity. In this perspective, comprehensive enterp rise security management needs to be conducted for exploring security risks management Security and network protocols A sequence of the operations ensuring protection of data is known as security protocols in an organization. The communication protocol provides secured delivery of data between two parties (Nkonya et al. 2015). For an instance, 802.11i standard policy provides the functions of wireless LANs. In addition, for the Web, SSL as well as TLS that is widely utilized for providing authentication as well as encryption for sending sensitive data like numbers of credit cards to a vendor. The basic elements of security protocol such as cryptography, security for information, TLS, SSL and HTTPS. Access control authenticates identity of users. It access specific resources based on the level of permissions along with policies. On the other hand, the cryptographic algorithm helps the cryptographic cipher combine with several methods in order to encrypt the methods for encryption. The key management helps creating, distributing as well as maintaining the keys. Analysis of business process Peltier (2016) stated that it is commonly used technique for business analysis technique, which captures the procedure of working in a business and individuals from several groups as well as technology that would be helpful in the present context. The changing technology tends to create business procedure model as well as technical detail. Business process model is one of step-by-step explanation of the procedure that helps to accomplish the particular goals. Business process model can cover variations as well as expectations in the procedure. Business process model includes several components that help the organization taking effective steps for the organization. It is not difficult for the procedure in order to get ingrained process about losing the value over the time (Aven Zio, 2014). Process flow is then activity for primary path that consists of variations. The process flow can presume specific set of the rules that are allowed and enforce the rules. The business rules need sp ecific set that might be helpful for the business. Analysis of workflow diagram could make the sense including visual mode that have primary activity steps as well as exceptions. Analysis of contingency planning and risk analysis A contingency plan is required for the organization in order to assist the organization responding effectively to important future event and situation that may not happen. The plan is referred to plan as it is used as alternative for the organizations expecting results fail to materialize (Yang et al. 2013). The steps are outlined for IT contingency plan described in NISTL. The publication of developing plan would be helpful creating contingency planning policy as authority as well as guides for the contingency plan. Conducting the business impact analysis assists identifying as well as prioritizing the information systems as well as elements that are critical in order to support the functions of business. Developing information system with contingency plan can contain detailed guidance as well as procedures in order to restore damaged system that are unique for the system security and having level of impact along with the recovery requirements (Ahmed Matulevi?ius, 2014). Ensuring t he testing plan, training as well as exercises help to validate the recovery capabilities. On the other hand, training can prepare recovery personnel in order to plan activation as well as exercising the plan for idea and help the organizations to fulfill the objectives. The requirements for drawing up the contingency plan are from thorough analysis of the risks. Using the principles in the risk assessment procedure includes addressing the business-critical operations and identifies the risks (Feng, Wang Li, 2014). It is important to make careful balance over preparation for the happenings. Analysis of threat, vulnerabilities and tools The vulnerabilities involved in VoIP is not the imperfections inborn including VoIP application, in addition in basic frameworks, applications as well as conventions in VoIP relies upon (Duncan, Zhao, Whittington, 2017). The many-sided quality of VoIP develops high number of vulnerabilities influencing three great ranges of data security: privacy, respectability, and accessibility (CIA). For reasons for association, we have isolated these vulnerabilities. Analysis in view of the layers of the TCP/IP organizing model (i.e., interface layer, web layer, transport layer, and application layer), in spite of the fact that perceiving that numerous vulnerabilities cross layers. For instance, no repudiation, access, and bookkeeping have been let alone for the vulnerabilities segment notwithstanding their crucial significance of system security. Physical security is one of the important issues in all data frameworks. In addition, VoIP is included in this. On the other hand, it is an extremely problem for the instruments to for evaluating the status of physical security. VoIP implementers need in physical classification dangers (Baskerville, Spagnoletti, Kim, 2014). While many assaults abuse shortcomings inside at least one of the systems management layers, some are incorporated with physical assault vectors. It exists in the unutilized interfaces on the VoIP hardware. It incorporates with the information jacks, ports of switch as well as remote range, and extra interfaces involved with VoIP telephone (i.e., an inherent center point). These interfaces ought to staying impaired unless they wind up plainly vital for usefulness. Use of tools in the organization in reference of OSI layers The OSI seven layer shows is a grapple regularly utilized for understanding the structure of system design. In any case, there are numerous contemporary system conventions that don't conveniently fit into those seven layers. TCP/IP oversaw by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), goes through the neural connections of the Internet. What's more, IETF has never felt constrained to make TCP/IP fit in with the OSI display. Many observing framework usage address just the lower layers. In many regards this is checking 101 - if the lower layers don't work, nothing else will work (Nicho, Khan Rahman, 2017). Along with these, in light of the fact that the lower layers are working, it doesn't mean you can maintain the business. Regardless of the possibility that business is running, it doesn't mean the clients are cheerful. Observing in the upper layers is important to help significant, business-arranged administration level understandings. The best approach is now and again called "end client application observing," in which the activities of a client are recreated by the checking framework, and the reaction time and substance of the objective framework are contrasted with edges. Mistakes, timeouts, or particular substance can trigger messages to the checking framework. There are both business and open source arrangements that venture into the upper layers. In order to secure devices, it is important to deploy NIDS and HIDS in the organization. IDS remain for interruption discovery framework. Interruption recognition frameworks are intended to analyze data, distinguish assaults, and react to the interruption. They are not quite the same as firewalls in that firewalls control the data that gets in and out of the system, while IDSs can recognize unapproved action (Cole, Gin Vickery, 2017). IDSs are likewise intended to get assaults in advance inside the system, not simply on the limit amongst private and open systems. The two essential sorts of IDSs are organizing based and have based. As the names recommend, arrange based IDSs (NIDSs) take a gander at the data traded amongst machines, and host-based IDSs (HIDSs) take a gander at data that begins on the individual machines. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is vital to have effective security policy and standard in the enterprise. The process is a fundamental piece of any risk management program. The investigation procedure distinguishes the plausible results or dangers related with the vulnerabilities and give the reason for building up a savvy security program. In this aspect, organization needs to deploy security tools as well as plan for securing the data in the organization. References Ahmed, N., Matulevi?ius, R. (2014). Securing business processes using security risk-oriented patterns.Computer Standards Interfaces,36(4), 723-733. Aven, T., Zio, E. (2014). Foundational issues in risk assessment and risk management.Risk Analysis,34(7), 1164-1172. Baskerville, R., Spagnoletti, P., Kim, J. (2014). Incident-centered information security: Managing a strategic balance between prevention and response.Information Management,51(1), 138-151. Cole, S., Gin, X., Vickery, J. (2017). How does risk management influence production decisions? Evidence from a field experiment.The Review of Financial Studies,30(6), 1935-1970. DeAngelo, H., Stulz, R. M. (2015). Liquid-claim production, risk management, and bank capital structure: Why high leverage is optimal for banks.Journal of Financial Economics,116(2), 219-236. Duncan, B., Zhao, Y., Whittington, M. (2017, February). Corporate Governance, Risk Appetite and Cloud Security Risk: A Little Known Paradox. How Do We Square the Circle?. InEighth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization (CLOUD COMPUTING 2017). IARIA. Feng, N., Wang, H. J., Li, M. (2014). A security risk analysis model for information systems: Causal relationships of risk factors and vulnerability propagation analysis.Information sciences,256, 57-73. Nicho, M., Khan, S., Rahman, M. S. M. K. (2017). Managing information security risk using integrated governance risk and compliance. Nkonya, E., Place, F., Kato, E., Mwanjololo, M. (2015). Climate risk management through sustainable land management in Sub-Saharan Africa. InSustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa(pp. 75-111). Springer International Publishing. Olsson, O., Eriksson, A., Sjstrm, J., Anerud, E. (2016). Keep that fire burning: Fuel supply risk management strategies of Swedish district heating plants and implications for energy security.Biomass and Bioenergy,90, 70-77. Peltier, T. R. (2016).Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Rittinghouse, J. W., Ransome, J. F. (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Webb, J., Ahmad, A., Maynard, S. B., Shanks, G. (2014). A situation awareness model for information security risk management.Computers security,44, 1-15. Wu, D. D., Chen, S. H., Olson, D. L. (2014). Business intelligence in risk management: Some recent progresses.Information Sciences,256, 1-7. Yang, Y. P. O., Shieh, H. M., Tzeng, G. H. (2013). A VIKOR technique based on DEMATEL and ANP for information security risk control assessment.Information Sciences,232, 482-500.

Understanding Learning Essay Research Paper Understanding myself free essay sample

Understanding Learning Essay, Research Paper Understanding myself as a scholar. On my journey to a better apprehension of how learning theories have shown themselves in my life, I realized that I have had more experience with them than I had foremost idea. I don? t see myself as being changed dramatically by any one acquisition experience, but I do recognize that my desire to larn has increased as I have been introduced to a assortment of learning methods. In short, I could non pick one theory that I could associate most of my larning experiences to. Therefore, as I looked through our text edition, I tried to retrieve if and how any of these theories played a function in my educational development so far. As we have studied, most learning theories can be placed into one of two groups: cognitive acquisition and association acquisition. ? The cognitive acquisition position provinces that acquisition is based on a restructuring of perceptual experiences and ideas happening within the being. This restructuring allows us to comprehend new relationships, work out new jobs, and derive apprehension of a capable country. Cognitive acquisition theoreticians stress the reorganisation of one? s perceptual experiences in order to accomplish understanding. ? ( Sprinthall, Sprinthall, and Oja ; Educational Psychology- A developmental Approach 1998 ) One of these cognitive-learning theoreticians is Wolfgang Kohler. Kohler performed many experiments with Pan troglodytess during World War I. Kohler constructed a assortment of jobs for the Pan troglodytess, each of which involved obtaining nutrient that was non straight accessible. In the simplest undertaking, nutrient was put on the other side of a barrier. Dogs and cats in old experiments had faced the barrier in order to make the nutrient, instead than traveling off from the end to travel around the barrier. The Pan troglodytess, nevertheless, presented with an seemingly similar state of affairs, set off instantly on the traffic circle path to the nutrient. Over the last few old ages my hubby and I, for deficiency of anything better to make, hold begun playing picture games. One of the first we started to play together was Tomb Raider. Grave Raider is an action/adventure game that merely lets you come on to the following degree one time you hold successfully completed the current degree. Some of degrees are instead ambitious and my hubby and I frequently found ourselves stuck in one job that we could non work out to travel onto the following degree. We would seek and seek to acquire past this obstruction, but merely couldn? T figure it out. One dark, while watching Television, the solution merely? came to me? . This is what is known as the? a hour angle phenomenon? . Understanding the construct if transportation is besides really of import to acquiring to cognize ourselves as scholars. Transportation occurs when larning undertaking A influences undertaking B. When larning undertaking A helps us to larn undertaking B, positive transportation has taken topographic point. When larning undertaking A obstructs larning undertaking B, negative transportation has occurred. One experience I have had with positive transportation is that of larning to sit a bike after I had learned to sit a bike. When I was eleven old ages old we lived in a really rural country and instead than take me to my best friends house, 5 stat mis off, they opted to acquire me my ain transit. A bike. The bike was a measure up from the bike I had learned to sit a few old ages before, the difference being that I didn? Ts have to bicycle. I thought the difference was immense, but in all actuality it wasn? T. The chief end of larning how to sit a bike was balance, something I had already learned on my bike. Once I applied the same construct of balance I had learned on my bike, it was much easier to accomplish success on the bike. I am presently sing the effects of negative transportation. I am working toward my grade in Psychology and I thought, though non a really good thought out idea, that I should take as many Psychology categories as possible. This is true in most instances, but I decided to take 3 psychological science categories in one term. Now that the proctored test is coming up, I find myself blending up what I? ve learned in one Psychology category with something that I? ve learned in another category. For illustration, while analyzing the societal acquisition theory, I found myself repeatedly seeking to integrate cognitive disagreement into the procedure. Cognitive disagreement is something I had been analyzing in my Social psychological science category. Both of these constructs are of import to psychological science. However, they can non be readily used my me until I truly understand them and I can? t truly understand them if I keep seeking to unify them. Jerome Bruner? s chief point in his constructivist theory is that larning is an active procedure in which scholars construct new thoughts or constructs based upon their current and past acquisition experiences. ? The construct of premier Numberss appears to be more readily grasped when the kid, through building, discovers that certain smattering of beans can non be laid out in completed rows and columns. Such measures have either to be laid out in a individual file or in an uncomplete row-column design in which there is ever one supernumerary or one excessively few to fill in the form. These forms, the kid learns, go on to be called prime. It is easy for the kid to travel from this measure to the acknowledgment that a multiple tabular array, so called, is a record sheet of measures in completed multiple rows and columns. Here is factoring, generation and primes in a building that can be visualized. ? ( Jerome Bruner, 1973, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwe.edu/~tpi/bruner.html ) I had taken a category on C++ scheduling. The first portion of the category was job work outing, utilizing algorithms. Once that construct was learned, we moved on to basic scheduling. Using algorithms to interrupt a plan down into parts helped to work out the jobs encountered in composing a plan. George A. Miller has provided two theoretical thoughts that are really of import to the information processing theory. Information processing is besides a cognitive theory of larning. This theory states that information flows into the being by manner of the sense variety meats. It is so passed to the memory and nervous system where it is encode vitamin D ( this agencies that memory hints are made ) . Then, the information can be stored in the memory and subsequently retrieved. The three memory constituents are centripetal registry, Short-run memory, and long-run memory. Our centripetal registries are like a picture camera, they? choice up? information as it is go oning. Short-run memory can be likened to the overseas telegram that carries the information from the camera to the picture tape. Our short-run memory can clasp merely a limited sum of information for a limited sum of clip. The last of the constituents, long-run memory, can be compared to the picture tape. The picture tape shops the information picked up by the camera, and carried by the overseas telegram, for an indefinite period of clip, until we are ready to recover it ( by manner of a VCR ) . The first construct is ? lumping? and the capacity of short term memory. Miller ( 1956 ) presented the thought that short term memory could merely keep about 7 points, plus or minus 2, where a ball is any meaningful unit ( hypertext transfer protocol: //gwis.circ.gwu.edu/~tip/miller.html ) . The experience I have had with the unitization construct is instead simple. I find it easier to retrieve a individual? s phone figure if I make a word out of the last 4 figures. For illustration, My best friend Becka had gotten a new phone figure. Since I call her all of the clip, it was more convenient to larn her figure than to compose it down and look it up every clip I wanted to talk with her. Her new figure was 3287, the best manner I could retrieve it was to set it in the signifier of a word- EATS. Becka no longer has that figure, but I still retrieve it because of word. The 2nd construct is TOTE ( Test-Operate-Test-Exit ) . Miller thought that TOTE should replace the stimulus-response as the basic unit of behaviour. In a TOTE unit, a end is tested to see if it has been achieved and if non an operation is performed to accomplish the end ; this rhythm of test-operate is repeated until the end is finally achieved or abandoned. Ivan Pavlov introduced us to classical when his Canis familiaris began salivating at the sound of a bell. Classical conditioning occurs when a natural physiological reaction responds to a stimulation. Classical conditioning plants on people, excessively. Anyone who is interested in salvaging money can understand the significance of a blue light blinking at K-Mart. The bluish light blinking normally means that there is a sale in whatever section the visible radiation is. I have gone into the local BX many times and have seen a bluish visible radiation flashing, this clip for a sales representative to give a client aid, and automatically thought there must be a sale. One of the taking behaviourists, B.F. Skinner, believed that larning occurs from alterations in behaviour. These alterations occur when a individual responds to events in his/her environment. A response produces a effect such as specifying a word, hitting a ball, or work outing a math job. When this stimulus-Response form is rewarded, the person is conditioned to react. This form of acquisition is known as Operant conditioning. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/ % 7Etip/skinner.html ) Support, or wages, is the cardinal component in Skinner? s theory. A reinforcing stimulus can be anything that strengthens the happening of the coveted response. When I was in the 4th class, my instructor used positive support to guarantee we wanted to act right. Mr. Brown told us that if we could be good for one hebdomad, so the following hebdomad we were allowed to sit in a Lazy-Boy chair he had placed in his schoolroom. This, of class, motivated us to act in the mode in which he was anticipating. When I was a kid, my female parent used to state me over and over to clean my room. One twenty-four hours my friends and I were playing outside. My female parent called me in and told me that I had to remain in my room until it was eventually clean. Not desiring to lose out on the game that my friends and I were playing, I rapidly complied. The societal acquisition theory of Albert Bandura besides emphasizes the importance of detecting and patterning the behaviour of others. Sometimes, merely watching how other people behave and how they are reacted to can do you larn a batch. The full clip I was turning up, my parents took me out to dinner with them on a hebdomadal footing. One clip we were sitting in an expensive eating house and the people seated following to us were masticating their nutrient aloud with their oral cavities open. I watched as the people around them turned to look at them with disgust. I rapidly learned that this was non acceptable behaviour and ever chewed my nutrient softly and with my oral cavity closed. Another facet of mold is the construct of experimental acquisition. We learn by watching others show how to make something. As a kid, my female parent wanted me to larn how to play golf. I had no thought how to play, or the regulations of the game. She took me to the local golf pro and signed me up for lessons. The first thing we did was travel out to the sand traps on the class. Then the teacher explained to me which club I needed to utilize to hit the ball out of the sand. Then he told me how to swing the nine to hit the ball out of the sand. I was lost. Then he took his sandwedge out of his bag, climbed into the Sand trap and demonstrated to me how to keep the nine depending on how far I would hold wanted to hit the golf ball. Watching him show how to hit the ball, I shortly learned how to make it. If he had continued to state me how to strike the ball to acquire the coveted consequence, I would still be lost. All in all, there have been many larning experiences in my life, and I? thousand sure there will be many more. I genuinely believe that we can non larn entirely by one theory entirely. We need different direction for different activities. Richard C. Sprinthall, Norman A. Sprinthall, and Sharon Nodie Oja, Educational Psychology- A developmental attack, 1998 Constructivist Theory- hypertext transfer protocol: //gwu.edu/~tip/bruner.html Social Learning Theory- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/~tip/bandura.html Information Processing Theory- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwis.circ.gwu.edu/~tip/miller.html George Washington University, Operant Conditioning- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/ % 7Etip/ skinner.html

Marriage Ancient China Essays

Marriage Ancient China Essays Marriage Ancient China Paper Marriage Ancient China Paper In recent years, marriage has become not only a relationship with one man and one woman, but in America same sex couples and men who have multiples wives are able to wed as well. Indian and Japanese men and women are able to wed through an arrangement of both families. In ancient China, Chinese couples also had arranged marriages, but in modern times the tradition has faded. Although the way people get married is different a woman’s role in the marriage is similar culture to culture throughout ancient India, China, and Japan, divorce is a common practice in American now, but thousands of years ago there were still laws and criticisms among couples in Indian and Chinese Civilizations preventing such action, and life after a death of a husband was nonexistent to women in Chinese Civilizations. A woman’s role in marriage does not only include: cooking, cleaning, bearing children, but also respecting their husbands. Respect can mean many different things and can be show in many different ways. The Laws of Manu, Manu being a sole survivor of a flood, are not legal, but more of an Indian culture for dummies type of book. People read and learn from the law instead of abiding by them. Not only does the Law of Manu say, â€Å"Let the husband employ his wife†¦in keeping everything clean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (38), but also â€Å"if a wife obeys her husband, she will for that reason alone be exalted in heaven. †(38) Indian women must still do the house work, but also they must obey their husbands and in return heaven awaits them. If obedience is not accomplished women according to Law of Manu will be â€Å"tormented by diseases as punishment for her sin† (38). A woman, Ban Zhao, wrote an advice manual for Chinese women called Lessons for Women. Zhao writes about husbands and wives and describes their relationship together like Yin and Yang. The couple is opposite forces bound together and creates each other. Not only does a woman have to serve her husband, but a husband must control his wife as well. If one side of the puzzle doesn’t work then the Lessons for Women states, â€Å"the natural order of things are neglected and destroyed. † (85) Because both sides have to work in the marriage it is based on both people working together. This Chinese philosophy has been used until the twenty century. The Japanese also had a female writer, Murasaki Shikibu, who wrote the narrative book The Tale of Genji. It describes how to pick a wife and the role of women in marriage. Shikibu describes the relationship between an and woman, husband and wife, â€Å"The bond between husband and wife is a strong one. † (167) â€Å"When there are crises, incidents, a woman should try to over look them for better or for worse, and make the bond into something durable. †(167) Shikibu explains forgiving and forgetting the simple actions women should perform as a part of their daily roles in a marriage. Not all marriages work out one person is unfaithful or simply the two just don ’t get along. In America it is simple legal procedure, but in ancient Indian Society couples tried to abide by the Laws of Manu. The law states the man must be with his wife for a year, but after that year the man has the ability to take away what she has and live apart from her. In Indian society at the time this type of behavior would be acceptable. In modern China women are able to divorce their husbands and its becoming more common. The Chinese culture has a poem written about a divorced woman who returns back home. The poem from the Book of Song states, â€Å"It was not I who was at fault†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (43) The woman is very angry and hurt; she is filled with emotions. Her family disowner her and she places blame on the man who broke her heart. The Chinese culture accepts the idea of divorce less than the Indian cultures. The death of loved one is hard enough, but the death of a spouse is much more intense. In Chinese cultures the woman would commit suicide when her husband died. The women committed the act of suicide in order to demonstrate personal virtue. The works are presented in Widows Loyal unto Death, show the main way of killing one self after a husband’s death was by hanging. Most of the women in the stories were young girls and the time of marriage was usually very short. The girl, Sun Yinxiao was seventeen and her marriage lasted less than a year. She, â€Å"†¦bound a wide girdle round the beam to hang herself. †(180) Huang Yujue was only fifteen and was only engaged to Chen Rujing when she took a knife to the throat. The amount of bravery shown by the Chinese women to kill themselves to have personal virtue is still questionable to the Chinese people. Marriage, divorce and death is shown and presented in different way in different cultures. Indian civilizations have the Laws of Manu to explain what roles women should perform and how divorces should be performed. Chinese cultures who have the Yin and Yang as a part of marriages not specific duties. Because of the bond, the ancient Chinese wives committed suicide after the death of their husbands. The Japanese are simple in what a woman’s role should be, simply loving and forgiving her husband after mistakes. Although different cultures have different ideas of marriage most husbands and wives still work hard to make it strong, healthy, and happy.

Compare and contrast the roles of memory and remembering in Arendt and Essay

Compare and contrast the roles of memory and remembering in Arendt and Nietzsche - Essay Example Her position towards the unsettled nature of power grounded on the commemorations suggests the requirement to be careful in mining her thoughts for potential property to adduce to the philosophical problem of the foundations. However, considering the memory as a vigorous capacity, as per the analysis of Arendt where it indicates that we should, advocates that we might prolifically view rationalization in comparable terms. To begin with, Arendt’s description of the link between the reminiscence of a collective chronological narrative and action bears an affinity that is descriptively intriguing to Nietzsche’s story of the course that moral and norm values take after their first creation. Both highlights that the original act is creatively essential, and frame this aptitude to form as one of the vital humanity capacities. They deviate, of course, in their evaluation of the impact that the remembrance of the resourceful act has on the later generations: Nietzsche observes the seamless morality naturalization as one of the main obstacles to moving beyond the prevailing norms whereas Arendt views memory as the political power gatekeeper. In considering the philosophical foundations problem, however, it is their parallel appreciation of the value of creation and action that matters. This means that the foundational normative claims authority comes, not from their essential correctness, but slightly from the actuality that in understanding that the origin of those claims lies in a human ability to bring forth new beginnings, the memory of those claims might encourage future action and more political freedom active exercise. If, following Arendt, theorists accept a justification of initial normative claims grounded in the ability of the claimant to advance a unique set of claims, it would be wise to borrow other aspects of Arendt’s theory of authority and foundation, as well. Chiefly, her belief that action, freedom, and politics itself require pub licity also applies to the advance of initial normative claims. The same emphasis on the plurality that is necessary for political life allows Arendt to redirect her revolution study away from violence. In addition, it claims instead that the defining feature of successful revolution is â€Å"the interconnected principle of mutual promise and common deliberation.† A process of public justification applied to normative claims, complemented by the memory of the initial discovery of that claim, would meet two needs. First, it would fulfill a requirement implicit in the search for more solid foundations: the requirement that we be able to enact a theory upon that foundation that carries weight in a practical context. Second, and crucially when taking a contextual view of political norms, by subjecting foundational claims to the scrutiny that the memory of their active creation yields, we encourage theorists to dynamically maintain coherence between their foundational claims and t he world they seek to describe and affect. The theoretical limitation on foundational claims that accompanies this view of justification introduces a much higher level of fallibilism and contingency than the old met narratives allowed. Foundational claims supported through an ongoing process of justification relinquish any claim to objective truth or universal applicability. Thus, the

Gastroenterology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gastroenterology - Essay Example Some of the diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain in a 50- year old include: cirrhosis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (duodenal), peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (gastric), and diverticulitis (Shahedi, 2015; Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013). I agree with Rachel Layson that through a thorough examination and history of the patient, a practitioner can tell whether the patient is suffering from acute or chronic abdominal pains. The diagnosis varies between a 20-year old and a 50-year old. A 20- year old suffering from acute abdominal pains presents the following diagnosis; appendicitis, acute gastritis and bowel obstruction. While the diagnosis of chronic abdominal pains include irritable bowel syndrome, which is characterized by constipation and bloated feeling and inflammatory bowel diseases that affect a specific part or the entire bowel. Acute abdominal pain in a 50-year old is diagnosed by the following; appendicitis, acute gastritis, and acute pancreatitis. While diagnosis for chronic abdominal pains include cirrhosis and diverticulitis (Rowe, 2015; Mayo Clinic,

Lesser Sac Cystic Lymphangioma: Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Lesser Sac Cystic Lymphangioma: Gastric Outlet Obstruction Cystic Lymhangioma of the Lesser Sac in adult presenting with features of Gastric Outlet Obstruction A Case Report S Suresh Kumar Sri Aurobindo Prasad Das Vikram Kate Running title: Lesser sac cystic lymphangioma causing gastric outlet obstruction Key Words: Abdominal cystic Lymphangioma; Omental Bursa; Outlet Obstruction Article type: Case Report Section (speciality): Surgery- Gastrointestinal Surgery Abstract: Non- Structured (Case Report) ABSTRACT: Background: Cystic lymphangioma is a paediatric benign tumour, occurs commonly in head and neck region. Adult Intraabdominal lymphangiomas are uncommon and only few cases of lesser sac cystic lymphangioma are reported in the literature. Case presentation: We present a case of lesser sac cystic lymphangioma in a 26 year old lady who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction. Clinical examination of the abdomen revealed 10 x 10 cm firm, non tender, mobile intraabdominal lump in the epigastrium. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed possible external compression at the boy of the stomach. Ultrasound of abdomen demonstrated a multicystic lesion measuring 10.2 X 8 cm, with internal echoes in one locule. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a large multiloculated cystic lesion with hyper-dense content in the lesser sac extending up to the left lobe of the liver and indenting the stomach, lesser sac, and upper border of pancreas. On surgical exploration, a 10X8 cm multi cystic lesion with clear fluid was found in the lesser sac very close to the lesser curvature of stomach. The descending branches of left gastric which were found coursing through the cyst were ligated and the cyst was excised in Toto. Histopathological examination of the excised lesion showed features of cystic lymphangioma showing dilated lymphatic vessels with fibro-fatty tissue ingrained in the endothelial lining. Conclusion: Though intraabdominal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare, it should be considered in all atypical cases of gastric outlet obstruction. A reasonable knowledge about these benign lesions will aid in establishing the diagnosis and surgical management. Key Words: Abdominal cystic Lymphangioma; Omental Bursa; Outlet Obstruction Background Lymphagiomas are benign lesions generally occur as a result of lymphatic system malformation and infrequently reported after trauma. 90% of the cases are seen within the first two years of life and symptomatic presentation in adults is very rare. [1] Cystic lymphagiomas commonly involves neck and axilla but can occur anywhere in the body. Though Intraabdominal lymphangioma accounts for Case presentation A 26-year old lady presented to surgical outpatient department with complaints of early satiety, vomiting few hours after food intake and vague fullness of upper abdomen. She also had features of dyspepsia for the past one year. She had developed pain and had a feeling of a mobile lump in the upper abdomen for the past one month. There was no pancreatitis episode before. General physical examination was unremarkable. Clinical examination of the abdomen revealed 10 x 10 cm lump in the epigastrium which was firm in consistency. The lump was non tender, freely mobile and intra-abdominal. Investigations The haemogram and biochemical profiles were within normal limits. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done which showed normal mucosa of stomach with possible external compression at the boy of the stomach. Ultrasound of abdomen was suggestive of a multicystic lesion measuring 10 X 8 cm, with internal echoes in one locule, present superior to pancreas adjacent to the left lobe of the liver. Rest of abdomen was unremarkable. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a large multiloculated cystic lesion measuring 10.2 X 8 cm with hyper dense content in some loculi in the lesser sac extending up to the left lobe of the liver and indenting the stomach, lesser sac, and upper border of pancreas with a few branches of left gastric vessels coursing through it. (Figure: 1) Correlating the clinical, USG and CECT abdomen findings a diagnosis of possible lymphangioma was made and the patient was planned for exploratory laparotomy as the symptoms were persisting. Surgical management On surgical exploration, a 10X8 cm multi cystic lesion with clear fluid was found in the lesser sac very close to the lesser curvature of stomach. (Figure: 2) The descending branches of left gastric which were found coursing through the cyst were ligated and the cyst was excised in Toto. (Figure: 3) A drain was placed in lesser sac and abdomen was closed in layers. Outcome and follow- up Postoperative course was uneventful. The drain was removed on the 3nd postoperative day and the patient was discharged on seventh post operative day. Histopathological examination of the excised lesion showed features of cystic lymphangioma showing dilated lymphatic vessels with fibro-fatty tissue ingrained in the endothelial lining. (Figure: 4) Patient was followed up at one month, six months, one year and two year after surgery. On each visit, clinical examination and USG was done which showed no evidence of recurrence. The lady is presently on regular follow up for past 2 years with no evidence recurrence till date. Discussion Intra-abdominal cystic lymphangiomas are uncommon benign tumours that can involve the mesentery, omentum, colon, spleen, pelvis, groin, and retroperitoneum [5, 6]. We had a case of cystic lymphangioma in the lesser sac which is very rare. Cystic lymphangiomas are considered to originate from malformed or malpositioned lymphatic tissue. Factors such as abdominal trauma, inflammatory process, lymphatic obstruction due to radiation therapy or surgery may lead to secondary formation of such tumors. Our patient did not have any of the mentioned inciting factors; the cause was probably congenital which had manifested late in life. Commonly known to present in childhood, lymphagiomas sometimes remain asymptomatic until late adulthood, and are discovered during evaluation of vague and chronic nonspecific symptoms like anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss, which are secondary to mass effect [4]. This was seen in our patient who had early satiety and vomiting after food intake probably due to mass effect and had a vague feeling of mass in the abdomen. Other ways of presentation such as acute abdomen, mimicking acute appendicitis has also been reported [3]. Contrast CT done in our patient revealed multicystic lesion measuring 10.2 X 8 cm, present superior to pancreas, in the lesser sac adjacent to the left lobe of the liver. Cystic lymphangioma usually presents as a large multilocular cystic mass with enhanced walls with multiple thin septa containing uncomplicated fluid on abdominal ultrasonography and contrast enhanced computerized tomography which is very often diagnostic [7]. The differential diagnosis includes cystic lesions of, enteric urogenital or mesothelial origin. Pancreatic pseudocysts from trauma, dermoid cysts or teratomas and cystic degeneration of solid tumours are also to be considered before making this rare diagnosis. Management of intra-abdominal cystic tumours depends on the clinical symptoms, size of the cyst, and the degree of clinical suspicion for malignancy. Imaging usually provides useful information for the planning of treatment. Complete removal of the tumour offers an excellent prognosis and laparoscopic removal of lymphangioma also shown feasible in few reports. We therefore decided to perform a laparotomy and complete excision of the cyst was done. On the other hand, recurrence has been reported in 10% of patients in whom primary resection was incomplete.[9] If the feeding lymphatics are not completely ligated, chylous ascites may also occur. Conclusion: Though intra-abdominal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare, it should be considered in cases of gastric or biliary obstruction where the cause could not be recognized clearly. Reasonable knowledge about these benign lesions will aid in establishing the diagnosis during such instances. Complete surgical excision offers the best chance for cure and should be attempted in all the cases to avoid recurrence. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal. Competing interests disclosures The authors have no potential or real conflict of interests The authors have no financial support or ties to disclose The authors have no financial or non financial competing interests to declare Authors contributions Suresh Kumar S, Das S A and Kate V diagnosed and managed the case. Suresh Kumar S, Das S A did the literature search. Suresh Kumar S and Das S A collected the images. Suresh Kumar S and Kate V drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Hanagiri T, Baba M, Shimabukuro T, Hashimoto M, Takemoto H, Inoue A, Sugitani A, Shirakusa T. Lymphangioma in the small intestine: Report of a case and review of the Japanese literature. Surgery Today 1992; 22: 363-367 Roisman I, Manny J, Fields S, Shiloni E. Intra-abdominal lymphangioma. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 485-489 Benjamin HL Tan, Teegan Lim. Cystic lymphangioma of the lesser sac presenting as acute appendicitis: A case report. Cases J. 2008; 1: 147. Massoud Baghai-Wadji, Azadeh JalalKamali, ToorajReza Mirshekari. Cystic lymphangioma of the lesser sac. Can J Surg. 2006; 49: 292. Fernandez Hurtado I, Bregant J, Mulet Ferragut JF, et al. abdominal cystic lymphangioma. Cir Pediatr. 1998 ; 11: 171-3 Chuang-Wei Chen, Sheng-Der Hsu, Chien-Hua Lin, Ming-Fang Cheng, Jyh-Cherng Yu Cystic lymphangioma of the jejunal mesentery in an adult: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5084-5086 Angela D. Levy, Vito Cantisani, Markku Miettinen. Abdominal Lymphangiomas: Imaging Features with Pathologic Correlation. AJR 2004; 182: 1485-1491 8. Kenney B, Smith B, Bensoussan AL. Laparoscopic excision of a cystic lymphangioma. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996; 6: S99-101. 9. Steyaert H, Guitard J, Moscovici J, Juricic M, Vaysse P, Juskiewenski S: Abdominal cystic lymphangioma in children: benign lesions that can have a proliferative course. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:677-680. 1