The Impact Of Thomas Cromwell And The Christant Reformation

Thomas Cromwell and The Protestant Reformation From around 1450 to 1650 is referred to as The Early Modern Period (True, â€Å"The Early Modern Period† slide 2). This point in history is marked with important people, movements, and advancements in technology (True, â€Å"The Early Modern Period†). Some of the most prominent names from this time are Martin Luther, King Henry VII, and John Wycliffe (True, â€Å"The Protestant Reformation†). All of these people played a significant role in the movement referred to as the Protestant Reformation. For instance, William Tyndale was able to produce one of the first English versions of the bible (True, â€Å"William Tyndale† slide 3). All of these people left their mark on history in some way. Another important, but†¦show more content†¦More than anything, this is looked at as one of the biggest reasons the Protestant Reformation began (True, â€Å"The Protestant Reformation† slide 10). Another major reason for the Reformation was because in part of King Henry VII (True, â€Å"The Protestant Reformation† slide 18). True states, â€Å"Catherine and Henry were unable to produce a son, and Catherine faced a great deal of hardship† (True, â€Å"The Protestant Reformation† slide 19). This was big enough to cause King Henry to try and leave his wife (MacCulloch, 135). According to Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of â€Å"The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy and Piety†, stated â€Å"By the summer of 1527 Henry VIII had decided to divorce his wife of eighteen years and to marry Anne Boleyn† (MacCulloch, 135). Although the king’s mind was set, he has some challenges to face before he could get what he wanted. This problem stemmed from the Church’s beliefs on marriage. According to True, â€Å"in a lengthy back-and-forth between the king and the Pope (which was led by Cardinal Wolsey), The Pope resisted Henry’s attemp t to both annul his marriage and to divorce Catherine† (True, â€Å"The Protestant reformation† slide 21). This simple refusal led to a bigger reaction from King Henry VIII. True states, â€Å"....issuing the Act of Supremacy in 1534, which declared himself head of the church in England† (True, â€Å"The Protestant Reformation† slide 21). Over the next few years that caused a dramatic switch in terms of religion (True, â€Å"The Protestant

A Deeper Meaning Of Human Behavior And The Mental Process...

Psychology has been and will continue to be one of the most difficult topics to study with the continuing goal of trying to understand a deeper meaning of human behavior and the mental process. Particularly it is the study of why humans do the things they do. The study of has been broken down into classification system representing sub-classes to make it easier to understand. The most widespread form is abnormal psychology for the reason that it is so common. Consequently being able to define abnormal psychology continues to get a negative misconception relating it to a kind of severe mental disability. Being this my first psychology class taken in person, I was unaware of what to expect but what my friends have said prior to taking it. Studying abnormal psychology has taught me a new sensitivity to people who have experience psychological difficulty. Before taking this class I believed that people who claim to have these mental problems were just weak and unmotivated using what the y had as just a way to get attention. I thought it was something that could be treated through work, physical activity or finding a way to get their off of the problem. I sort of blame this reasoning on the way I was raised to never show weakness and never become a victim of mental cowardice. However, I was ignorant which for me is hard to admit. Personally I have seen the affects of improper rehabilitation first hand through soldiers I have met in the military and many personal familyShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freuds Theory Of Psychoanalysis1636 Words   |  7 Pagespsychoanalysis falls under â€Å"the umbrella term† that is psychology (Parker 112). Psychiatry is another form of psychology, but it is a medical approach to understanding and fixing mental diseases with prescriptions. 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Business of Corporate Social Responsibility †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business of Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction: The primary purpose of the students of business administration is to know how to manage a performance level of team members amidst the diversity of culture and religious backgrounds (Moon, 2013). Being a student of APIC I have completed my graduation on business administration. While continuing my course I had to deal with the students of diverse cultural backgrounds and attitudes. Therefore, I had to conduct numerous projects in group work. As I am a student of business administration I am having enough skill and competency on how to manage the performance level instead of being a part of team members. Every team member associated with the group is possessed with different psychological backgrounds and attitudes. Therefore, in order to conduct the entire team project successfully, I had to make an effective communication with every single group member. It is undeniable that I have faced innumerable difficulties in dealing with every team member equally due to the lack of psychologic al barrier as well as communication barrier. In addition, as per the instruction of our guide I had to become the leader of this particular team. Therefore, my prime responsibility was to make a constant communication with every single individual so that the entire project can be accomplished successfully. In addition, while conducting the course I had to be associated with a small business organization as well in the post of business leader. In that particular field I have gained immense knowledge and experience on how the business leader should lead a team for meeting business target. I had to face major challenges in leading the entire team members. After facing innumerable challenges I have come to know how much difficulties the business leaders have to face while keeping a constant control over the entire team members. While doing this specific course I have evaluated those students of business administrators are having innumerable scopes and opportunities for being the part of an organization. As per the business scenario all over the world a particular business organization without having a management team is meaningless. In this kind of situation, every business organization is willing to recruit employees from business administration backgrounds so that they can manage the performance level of employees. Therefore, the responsibility of business managers is to communicate with the employees in order to resolve their issues (Nicholls, 2014). The primary purpose of being the student of management is getting the flexibility in job opportunity. Every business organization belonging to different industry is endowed with a proper management team. Being a student of business administration I am having an opportunity and scope to be the part of any organization. I have completed my graduation on human resource management from the University of APIC. As per the current business scenario I have observed that retail business industries are expanding their entire process of business all over the World. In addition, the numbers of retail business organizations are wide in range. In this kind of situation, I will get a scope to be the part of retail business organization as one of the most active employees. While continuing the project I am having an experience of leading a team. Therefore, the challenges that the business leaders have to face for directing team properly have also been faced. However, in future I am focusing to be the part of retail organization. Employees are from different geographical backgrounds and attitudes. Therefore, after appointing in the post of human resource managers I should have the capability of measuring the employees performance level. In need to develop my communication skill for dealing with the employees of di fferent cultural background. I am not having multi lingual flexibility. Therefore, people of other geographical areas may have immense problems in communicating with me. In order to resolve this issue I can enhance my communication skill so that people belonging to different geographical markets can maintain an effective communication with me. Industry-specific Megatrends and Challenges As per the Megatrends and Challenges I would like to make an in-depth PEST analysis based on which various political, environmental, socio-cultural and technological factors can be critically evaluated. Political environment of a particular country is highly influential for the success of a business industry. As per the overall business scenario it has been observed that retail business industry is situated on those geographical locations where the governments acts are regulations are flexible enough. Business organizations would not have to face difficulties in maintaining regulations related to taxation policies (Ensmenger, 2012). As per the overall business scenario, it is evident that retail business sectors have been expanded on those geographical areas which are free from political chaos. In various geographical areas of Australia like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane large number of retailed business industries has already expanded their business process (Cummings Worley, 2014). As Australias government policy is very much favorable for running the retail business organization I have chosen to be part of human resource managers in the industry of retail sector and supermarket cha in. Retail business organizations are established on economically developing countries. People belonging to different geographical boundaries are the part of a business organization (Ford Richardson, 2013). As per current business strategy of retail business industry the organization has to focus on huge number of target market. Therefore, the business experts intend to target both low cost as well as premium customers. I want to be the part of retail industry because this specific industry in the current market scenario is most flexible in terms of their flexibility. If I can be the part of retail business organization I may have to face limited risk factors for sustaining my job role. Retail business industry is situated on those areas where the people of different social and cultural backgrounds are there. The products and service process of the business organizations are designed in such a way that people of different cultural attributes can show their interest in purchasing the products (Crane Matten, 2016). In addition, it is also undeniable that employees associated within the retail business organization are also from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, being the part of those organizations I will be able to exchange my thoughts, ideas and knowledge with the people of different diverse work culture. As a result, I would be able to enhance my skill, knowledge and competency. As per the current business scenario retail business sectors are controlled with the advancement of technology. The industries are situated on those areas where the target customers are developed in their technological skills and competency (Welford, 2013). If I want to be the part of this retail business sector I would have to gain the flexibility in operating advancement of technology in order to communicate with the employees properly. Being human resource managers I should have proper competency in measuring the entire performance level of every single employee by using the advancement of technology. In this kind of situation, being a student of business administration I need to have enough expertise in technology so that I can handle any kind of sudden technological barrier at the workplace. Otherwise, the entire process of business may have to face innumerable challenges in running successfully. Goals: As a student of business administration I am having a specific goal behind joining on the retail business sectors. Initially I want to be a part of a business organization belonging to retail sector as a mere human resource executives. My first purpose as an employee is to render multilingual flexibility. In order to evaluate the performance level of the employees I have to be a good communicator in order to interact with every individual employee. Therefore, rending multi lingual flexibility is highly important. In addition, as a human resource business executive I should maintain a good rapport with my senior managers so that they can be flexible in communicating with me. I have focused to be one of the most integral part of my tea, within one year so that I can be appraised to human resource manager to the mere executive. In addition, my future goal is to develop my technological skill as well so that I can maintain the entire employee performance record chronologically. Use of organizational software in maintaining database is inevitable with the help of which the entire performance record of a specific business organization can be kept within control (Anderson, 2016). As I am a study of human resource management, my ultimate goal is to be a senior human resource manager. After getting the designation, I would like to render work flexibility as well as diversity management within the organization. I have observed that large number of business organizations tends to recruit the employees being culturally biased. I personally believe that employees should be judged as per the skill and competency level of the rather than their cultural and religious backgrounds. Therefore, being a human resource manager I would like to entertain the entire skillful and competent employee from different cultural and rel igious backgrounds. At the same time, I would like to provide every individual employee an effective training session for developing their communication skill. Automatically, I would not have to face any kind of difficulties in interacting with my organizational employees properly. However, rendering diversity within workplace is one of the most primary goal that I have to meet after being an integral part of a retail business organization. Professional Values, Ethics and Social Responsibility As per the professional value of a human resource manager every single employee within the business organization should be treated with equal respect and dignity (Eisenbeiss, 2012). Within a retail business sector people are from different geographical attitudes and backgrounds. Employees may have to face innumerable barriers in interacting with the other members. Therefore, as a human resource manager I should give equal priority to every individual member associated within the workplace. In addition, if a particular employee has to face any kind of difficulty in providing good services towards the organization I as a responsible human resource manager should make an interpersonal communication with that individual. I should know what kind of difficulties this individual is facing while performing at the workplace. As per the ethical consideration employees should not be forced for doing over time duty. I as a human resource manager should not implement such policy at the workplace that employees have to be overburdened for meeting the business target at the workplace. In order to get best performance from the employees I can implement the policy of flexible work hour so that employees get motivated towards performing well at the workplace. The concept of social responsibility believes that human resource managers should have a proper responsibility towards the organizational employees. I being a responsible human resource manager should follow organizational acts and legislation properly. As per the organizational acts and legislation implementation of health and safety act is inevitable. This particular act implies that employees after facing any kind of health issue at the workplace should get necessary facility and benefits from the employers (Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera, 2013).. Business employers should take the responsibility of every employee who falls sick at their workplace. In addition, employees should get a proper estimated sick leave for certain days for their recovery. These particular social responsibilities are inevitable in order to sustain organizational managers. I personally believe that human resource managers should improve the performance level of employees by implementing necessary strategies and policies. At the same time, it is also undeniable that employees should not forget their moral ethics as well as social responsibilities towards the business organization. Employees should not be over burdened with pressure so that they intend to leave the organization (Thiel et al., 2012). The primary purpose of a human resource manager should be reta ining the organizational employees at the workplace as well for maintaining organizational sustainability. Competency Assessment (Socio-cultural and Personal Competence) In order to develop myself socially as well as culturally I should have a flexible communication with every individual member with my team. While maintaining my learning process I had to deal with every individual member belonging to different geographical as well as cultural backgrounds. Initially I was not able to understand language of other people belonging to different cultural background. I used to avoid their opinion while taking a decision regarding team or project development and progression. In order to deal with the customers of different geographical markets I have taken an effective training and development session. This particular training session has enhanced my communication skill. After being flexible in multilingual attitude I was efficient enough in dealing with the every individual member with my team. While taking a major decision in developing the group project I have exchanged my ideas and thoughts with those members as well. As a result, my socio-cultural attr ibutes have been automatically developed after exchanging thoughts and ideas. While taking decision regarding developing the project I got the scope for taking collective decision as well. In this kind of situation, other team members have showed their enthusiastic attitude in being an inseparable part of project. Personal competency increases not by gaining theoretical knowledge by increasing the practical experiences (Burke Noumair, 2015). After being part of the business organization I would have to be acquainted with the people of different cultures and attitudes. In order to get good performances from those employees I would have to be flexible with their culture. However, enhancing my skill in technology is highly important for keeping a constant control on overall business process. I have observed that I am not very accustomed with operating technologies. Therefore, I need to enhance my skill in technology so that I can maintain chronological database through automation process. After being a part of business organization I will have to maintain a database on the overall employee performances. In this kind of situation, I should know how to use bid data and business intelligence so that entire information can be stored, maintained and evaluated. In order to develop my personal competency I need to enhance my leadership skill as well. While leading a project team in my institution I have observed that I used to follow autocratic form of leadership style. As a result, I did not intend to take the decision from other team members. In this kind of situation, other team members intend to show their reluctant attitude in leaving a contribution towards the project development. After being a part of organization, I should follow democratic form of leadership style instead of following autocratic. With the help of democratic form of leadership style employees would get the scope to share their own opinion as well. In this kind of situation, organizational employees would get their enthusiastic attitudes in performing well towards meeting the business target (Tai Chuang, 2014). As a result, I would be able to make a good team rapport. It is undeniable that the success of a business organization is highly dependent on the performance level of employees. Competency Assessment - Managerial and Technical While leading the team I have observed that I used to impose my own decision on my team members. As a result, they intended to show their reluctant attitude for providing any kind of positive feedback for developing the project. Whenever I will be the part of a business organization, I should never maintain a dominating attitude so that employees get hesitated to share their own opinion regarding the success of business. In order to control the entire business process the business managers should motivate the employees. Employee motivation is one of the major parts of getting good performances. In order to become a good manager I should have proper skill in managing people. With the help of participative form of leadership style, I should make collective decision. As a result, employees automatically show their encouraging attitude in providing good services towards the business organization. On the other hand, in order to become an efficient human resource manager my personality should be developed. I need to have a sense of maintaining organizational discipline as well as organizational behavior. Being a human resource manager, I should be disciplined so that employees can follow me up. On the other hand, I should have an effective communication skill as well. With the help of an effective communication skill, I can make an in-depth interaction with the employees in order to know their problems and challenges facing at the workplace. At the same time, it is undeniable that people belonging to different markets are not very much flexible in organizational employees. Therefore, being a human resource manager I should know the skill on how an individual employee should be motivated towards the performances. In addition, I can implement some major plans and policies as well so that employees can show their interest in performing well. Among some of the major plans and polic ies the implementation of reward and recognition is most significant. The primary purpose of making reward and recognition policy is to encourage the employees towards performing well. At the same time, employees would like to put their additional effort only when they also get necessary benefits and facilities from the organization (Marsh, 2013). Therefore, the performance level of the employees is highly dependent on the managerial skill and competency that I would be able to maintain at the workplace for rendering business success. I have already stated that I need to develop my technological skill so that I can handle any kind of sudden technological barrier at the workplace. While maintaining the entire business process employees may have to face technological barrier that can demolish the flow of business. In order to overcome sudden technological barrier I have taken an effective training and development session with the help of which I can develop my technological skill and competency. As a result, the organizational would not have to invest additional amount of money for hiring an IT expert for handling any kind of technological barrier at the workplace. Competencies Needed Targets for Development As per the previous evaluation I should focus on enhancing some of the major areas in order to develop my skill and competency level. The major areas on which I should focus include my communication skill, decision making skill, and technological competency. In order to handle the people from different geographical markets I should develop my skill of communication with the help of which I can easily interact with the people of different geographical boundaries. On the other hand, good communication skill would make me more confident and spontaneous while giving any kind of presentation regarding any kind of issue. People belonging to different geographical markets may have to face linguistic barrier. Therefore, I should focus on being comfortable with both verbal communication as well as non-verbal communication. People who are having difficulties in maintaining verbal communication can communicate with me by expression or written communication as well (Cornelissen Cornelissen, 2017). Therefore, developing communication skill is highly important for being an efficient human resource manager. I have observed that as a successful manager I am not efficient enough in operating the advancement of technology properly. In this kind of situation, any kind of sudden technological barrier can become a serious crisis for maintaining the entire process of business. However, in order to enhance my skill and competency in technology I should receive a proper training session so that I can operate advanced technology. In addition while dealing with sudden technological barrier I should have the skill of overcoming the crisis. This specific study has focused to evaluate the major impact of enhancing the technological skill and competency level. In order to enhance my managerial skill and competency level I need to focus on developing my personality as well. I should not use autocratic form of leadership style with the help of which business leaders would like to impose their own decision on the employees. With the help of democratic form of leadership style I can take collective decision making by involving organizational employees in order to change the business strategy and policy. On the other hand, employees would like to show their enthusiastic attitude towards performing well for rendering the success of business. Proposed Professional Development Program In order to develop my professional skill and competency I can focus on making an effective development program with the help of which I can enhance my future career effectively. An action plan has been made by focusing on my personal as well as professional development process: Action plan How to implement Equipments Attending training and development session With the help of an effective training and development session I will get the scope of gaining theoretical knowledge and experience with the help of which I can enhance my knowledge and skill as well Training hall along with physical and technological resources Attending workshop I can attend workshops for developing my decision making skill, managerial skill even communication skill. In a particular workshop I will get the scope to show my skill practically instead of gaining only theoretical knowledge Conference hall along with physical as well as technological resources Making group discussion I can conduct a group session by involving the employees as well in order to exchange my thoughts and ideas. With the help of an effective group communication I can get the scope of gathering collective decision as well. This particular collective decision may help me in enhancing my knowledge as well as making more effective business strategy as well as policy. Conference hall along with physical as well as technological resources After making an effective Professional Development Program it can be evaluated that professionalism within the business sector is one of the most effective parts of surviving within the business industry (Giacalone Rosenfeld, 2013). People belonging to different geographical boundaries are associated within the business sector. In order to communicate with every single employee working at the business organization I should focus on three effective areas that include attending workshop, attending training and development program and arranging group discussion. People are from different geographical boundaries as well as psychological attitudes. Therefore, communicating with the employees with the help of arranging a group session is highly important. The primary purpose of conducting a group session is to exchanging thoughts and ideas for implementing new strategy of business (Prez Del Bosque, 2012). Training and development session is very much effective with the help of which I ca n get the scope of enhancing my knowledge and skill. In addition after attending a workshop I would be able to evaluate my practical knowledge and experience. Gaining theoretical knowledge and experience is not the only purpose of attending workshop (Bolman Deal, 2017). With the help of attending an effective workshop I can develop my practical experience as well by performing in the practical field. Conclusion Being a student of business administration I have gathered immense knowledge and experience on how to manage a team. Especially I have gathered a practical experience of leading my team for conducting the entire project work successfully. Throughout the entire study I have made an effective learning and development plan with the help of which I have evaluated on how I can develop my skill and competency for managing the team. As per the current global scenario the market of retail business sectors are high. Therefore, I aim to be the part of a retail business organization in the post of human resource manager. As an efficient business manager I should enhance my technological skill and competency so that I can measure the performance record of every individual employee properly within being unbiased. This particular study has focused to make an effective professional development plan with the help of which I can enhance my professional skill and level of competency. Reference: Anderson, D. L. (2016).Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Sage Publications. Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burke, W. W., Noumair, D. A. (2015).Organization development: A process of learning and changing. FT Press. Cornelissen, J., Cornelissen, J. P. (2017).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Eisenbeiss, S. A. (2012). Re-thinking ethical leadership: An interdisciplinary integrative approach.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), 791-808. Ensmenger, N. L. (2012).The computer boys take over: Computers, programmers, and the politics of technical expertise. Mit Press. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Giacalone, R. A., Rosenfeld, P. (Eds.). (2013).Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Marsh, C. (2013). Business executives perceptions of ethical leadership and its development.Journal of Business Ethics,114(3), 565-582. Moon, J. A. (2013).Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Nicholls, G. (2014).Professional development in higher education: New dimensions and directions. Routledge. Prez, A., Del Bosque, I. R. (2012). The role of CSR in the corporate identity of banking service providers.Journal of Business Ethics,108(2), 145-166. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117. Thiel, C. E., Bagdasarov, Z., Harkrider, L., Johnson, J. F., Mumford, M. D. (2012). Leader ethical decision-making in organizations: Strategies for sensemaking.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), 49-64. Von Krogh, G., Haefliger, S., Spaeth, S., Wallin, M. W. (2012). Carrots and rainbows: motivation and social practice in open source software development.MIS quarterly,36(2). Welford, R. (2013).Corporate environmental management 3: Towards sustainable development. Routledge. Welford, R. (2013).Hijacking environmentalism: Corporate responses to sustainable development. Routledge.

The Trickster Essay Example

The Trickster Essay The trickster figure found in American Indian Mythology is a deep reflection of our inner psyche.Deep within us, we all can find the vengeful, animal instincts that define part of the Trickster.We can also find the irony within this character that leads us to challenge societal hierarchy and wonder whether life would be better if lived on a much simpler level. What really is the figure known as the Trickster?Radin describes the character in his prefatory note: Trickster is at one and the same time creator and destroyer, giver and negator, he who dupes others and who is always duped himself. He wills nothing consciously. At all times he is constrained to behave as he does from impulses over which he has no control. He knows neither good nor evil yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no values, moral or social, is at the mercy of his passions and appetites, yet through his actions all values come into being. The figure known as the Trickster appears in many cultures with diff erent forms.Many Native American people told tales of Coyote. Among the Lakota, Spider wove the tricksters web. Among Northwest Coastal people, as well as some Siberian groups on the opposite side of the Pacific, Raven took on the tricksters role. The Blackfoot of the northern Plains saw both Coyote and Raven as tricksters. Worldwide, a variety of animals have taken on the tricksters role. In European and Chinese folklore, Fox often plays the part; some African people see Fox in the same light. Monkeys are tricksters in the Far East, and smaller creatures like Wasp and Mantis appear as well. Karl Jungs explanation for the archetype that surfaces as the Trickster is that they are the product of what he calls the collective unconsciousness. That thread of consciousness that connects all human beings and cultures around the world. It is split off from his consciousness and consequently behaves like an autonomous persona

Free Essays on Inflation

Inflation Inflation, can our economy grow without it? What is inflation? The definition of inflation is â€Å"an abnormal increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods.† Although, Webster’s is considered by most to be the overall best dictionary, WordNet states the meaning of inflation a lot clearer by saying, â€Å"it’s a general and progressive increase in prices.† It occurs when the value of goods rises faster than the value of money. The usual approximate measure of this is the Consumer Price Index, which weigh the prices of different goods according to importance in a typical budget and then shows how much the prices of these goods have increased. This immediately raises some problems; for example, the weight of the goods must change over time. The importance of computers was not measured in the price index 100 years ago. Another problem is the failure of the price index to capture changes in quality. The quality of a good may have improved by 20%, while the price has only risen by 10%. The consumer price index doesn’t feel this should be a factor, but many would disagree. Hence, inflation is not easy to define in practice. This should be kept in mind when discussing how to defeat inflation. There have been numerous theories on how to defeat inflation and even some theories on whether, or not, it should be defeated at all. Some say that inflation is not only expected, but also often, needed. Economists believe that in order for the economy to expand and grow, there has to be some level of inflation. Therefore, the opposite holds true as well. If you want to lower inflation, you have to accept a semi-standard economy. They call this tradeoff the Phillips Curve. The Phillips Curve is thought to be the â€Å"proper† way of balancing economic growth and inflation. For this reason the Federal Reserve is always looking for the perfect equilibrium at which we can maximize our economic growth wh i... Free Essays on Inflation Free Essays on Inflation Inflation Inflation, can our economy grow without it? What is inflation? The definition of inflation is â€Å"an abnormal increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods.† Although, Webster’s is considered by most to be the overall best dictionary, WordNet states the meaning of inflation a lot clearer by saying, â€Å"it’s a general and progressive increase in prices.† It occurs when the value of goods rises faster than the value of money. The usual approximate measure of this is the Consumer Price Index, which weigh the prices of different goods according to importance in a typical budget and then shows how much the prices of these goods have increased. This immediately raises some problems; for example, the weight of the goods must change over time. The importance of computers was not measured in the price index 100 years ago. Another problem is the failure of the price index to capture changes in quality. The quality of a good may have improved by 20%, while the price has only risen by 10%. The consumer price index doesn’t feel this should be a factor, but many would disagree. Hence, inflation is not easy to define in practice. This should be kept in mind when discussing how to defeat inflation. There have been numerous theories on how to defeat inflation and even some theories on whether, or not, it should be defeated at all. Some say that inflation is not only expected, but also often, needed. Economists believe that in order for the economy to expand and grow, there has to be some level of inflation. Therefore, the opposite holds true as well. If you want to lower inflation, you have to accept a semi-standard economy. They call this tradeoff the Phillips Curve. The Phillips Curve is thought to be the â€Å"proper† way of balancing economic growth and inflation. For this reason the Federal Reserve is always looking for the perfect equilibrium at which we can maximize our economic growth wh i...

Battle of Santa Cruz in World War II

Battle of Santa Cruz in World War II The Battle of Santa Cruz was fought October 25-27, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was part of a series of naval actions tied to the ongoing Battle of Guadalcanal. Having built up troops on the island in preparation for a major offensive, the Japanese moved naval forces to the area with the goal of attaining a decisive victory over their counterparts and sinking the remaining Allied carriers. On October 26, the two fleets began exchanging air attacks which ultimately saw the Japanese suffer one carrier heavily damaged and the Allies lose  USS Hornet (CV-8). Though Allied ship losses were higher, the Japanese suffered heavy casualties among their air crews. As a result, the Japanese carriers would play no further role in the Guadalcanal Campaign. Fast Facts: Battle of Santa Cruz Conflict: World War II (1939-1945) Date: October 25-27, 1942 Fleets Commanders: Allies Vice Admiral William Bull HalseyRear Admiral Thomas Kinkaid2 carriers, 1 battleship, 6 cruisers, 14 destroyers Japanese Admiral Isoroku YamamotoVice Admiral Nobutake Kondo4 carriers, 4 battleships, 10 cruisers, 22 destroyers Casualties: Allies: 266 killed, 81 aircraft, 1 carrier, 1 destroyerJapanese: 400-500 killed, 99 aircraft Background With the Battle of Guadalcanal raging, Allied and Japanese naval forces clashed repeatedly in the area around the Solomon Islands. While many of these involved surface forces in the narrow waters off Guadalcanal, others saw the adversaries carrier forces clash in attempts to alter the strategic balance of the campaign. Following the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in August 1942, the US Navy was left with three carriers in the area. This was quickly reduced to one, USS Hornet (CV-8), after USS Saratoga (CV-3) was badly damaged by a torpedo (August 31) and withdrawn and USS Wasp (CV-7) was sunk by I-19 (September 14). While repairs quickly progressed on USS Enterprise (CV-6), which had been damaged at Eastern Solomons, the Allies were able to retain daytime air superiority due to the presence of aircraft at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. This allowed supplies and reinforcements to be brought the island. These aircraft were not able operate effectively at night and in the darkness control of the waters around the island reverted to the Japanese. Using destroyers known as the Tokyo Express, the Japanese were able to bolster their garrison on Guadalcanal. As a result of this standoff, the two sides were roughly equal in strength. The Japanese Plan In an effort to break this stalemate, the Japanese planned a massive offensive on the island for October 20-25. This was to be supported by Admiral Isoroku Yamamotos Combined Fleet which would maneuver to the east with the goal of bringing the remaining American carriers to battle and sinking them. Assembling forces, command for the operation was given to Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondo who would personally lead the Advance Force which was centered on the carrier Junyo. This was followed by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumos Main Body containing the carriers Shokaku, Zuikaku, and Zuiho. Supporting the Japanese carrier forces was Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abes Vanguard Force which consisted of battleships and heavy cruisers. While the Japanese were planning, Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, made two moves to change the situation in the Solomons. The first was speeding repairs to Enterprise, allowing the ship to return to action and join with Hornet on October 23. The other to was to remove the increasingly ineffective Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley and replace him as Commander, South Pacific Area with aggressive Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey on October 18. Contact Moving forward with their ground offensive on October 23, Japanese forces were defeated during the Battle for Henderson Field. Despite this, Japanese naval forces continued to seek battle to the east. Countering these efforts were two task forces under the operational control of Rear Admiral Thomas Kinkaid. Centered on Enterprise and Hornet, they swept north to the Santa Cruz Islands on October 25 searching for the Japanese. At 11:03 AM, an American PBY Catalina spotted Nagumos Main Body, but the range was too far for launching a strike. Aware he had been spotted, Nagumo turned north. Remaining out of range through the day, the Japanese turned south after midnight and began closing the distance with the American carriers. Shortly before 7:00 AM on October 26, both sides located each other and began racing to launch strikes. The Japanese proved faster and soon a large force was heading towards Hornet. In the course of launching, two American SBD Dauntless dive bombers, which had been serving as scouts, hit Zuiho twice damaging its flight deck. With Nagumo launching, Kondo ordered Abe to move towards the Americans while he worked to bring Junyo within range. Exchanging Strikes Rather than form a massed force, American F4F Wildcats, Dauntlesses, and TBF Avenger torpedo bombers began moving towards the Japanese in smaller groups. Around 8:40 AM, the opposing forces passed with a brief aerial melee ensuing. Arriving over Nagumos carriers, the first American dive bombers concentrated their attack on Shokaku, striking the ship with three to six bombs and inflicting heavy damage. Other aircraft inflicted significant damage on the heavy cruiser Chikuma. Around 8:52 AM, the Japanese spotted Hornet, but missed Enterprise as it was hidden in squall. Due to command and control issues the American combat air patrol was largely ineffective and the Japanese were able to focus their attack on Hornet against light aerial opposition. This ease of approach was soon countered by an extremely high level of anti-aircraft fire as the Japanese began their attack. Though they took heavy losses, the Japanese succeeded in hitting Hornet with three bombs and two torpedoes. On fire and dead in the water, Hornets crew began a massive damage control operation which saw the fires brought under control by 10:00 AM. Second Wave As the first wave of Japanese aircraft departed, they spotted Enterprise and reported its position. The next focused their attack on the undamaged carrier around 10:08 AM. Again attacking through intense anti-aircraft fire, the Japanese scored two bomb hits, but failed to connect with any torpedoes. In the course of the attack, the Japanese aircraft took heavy losses. Dousing the fires, Enterprise resumed flight operations around 11:15 AM. Six minutes later, it successfully evaded an attack by aircraft from Junyo. Assessing the situation and correctly believing the Japanese to have two undamaged carriers, Kinkaid decided to withdraw the damaged Enterprise at 11:35 AM. Departing the area, Enterprise began recovering aircraft while the cruiser USS Northampton worked to take Hornet under tow. As the Americans were moving away, Zuikaku and Junyo began landing the few aircraft that were returning from the mornings strikes. Having united his Advance Force and Main Body, Kondo pushed hard towards the last known American position with the hope that Abe could finish off the enemy. At the same time, Nagumo was directed to withdraw the stricken Shokaku and damaged Zuiho. Launching a final set of raids, Kondos aircraft located the Hornet just as the crew was beginning to restore power. Attacking, they quickly reduced the damaged carrier to a burning hulk forcing the crew to abandon ship. Aftermath The Battle of Santa Cruz cost the Allies a carrier, destroyer, 81 aircraft, and 266 killed, as well as damage to Enterprise. Japanese losses totaled 99 aircraft and between 400 and 500 killed. In addition, heavy damage was sustained to Shokaku which removed it from operations for nine months. Though a Japanese victory on the surface, the fighting at Santa Cruz saw them sustain heavy aircrew losses which exceeded those taken at Coral Sea and Midway. These necessitated withdrawing Zuikaku and the uncommitted Hiyo to Japan to train new air groups. As a result, the Japanese carriers played no further offensive role in the Solomon Islands Campaign. In this light, the battle may be seen as a strategic victory for the Allies.

The Ice Age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Ice Age - Research Paper Example Big animals were already seeing a decline as a result of loss of food and vegetation. The Ice Age took along with it many varieties of wildflowers that these big animals used to feed on. Even if the planet sees another cycle of Ice Age after the end of global warming, the extinct species of plants and animals are not likely to return. In-depth analysis of the findings of the latest research imparts a need to take effective measures to stop the temperature of the Earth from going up any further because the species of many plants and animals are endangered as a result of the rapid change of climate. Extinction of many species of plants and animals during the decline of the Ice Age provides evidence of the tendency of climate changes to negatively affect the living organisms. The planet Earth has seen Ice Age many thousands of years ago. Many species of plants and animals have become extinct ever since. Different theories attribute the extinction of these species to different factors, but many theories have held human activities like hunting responsible for the extinction of these species. Results of the latest research have identified a range of other factors related to climate that have caused the extinction of these species of plants and animals. This paper discusses some of these researches and their findings to explore the impact of climate change on the tendency of animal and plant species to survive. Woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos were said to feed on forbs and graminoids. A lot of varieties of these wildflowers and herbs flourished in the Arctic as many as 25,000 years ago. A team of researchers from the University of Copenhagen have conducted analysis of the vegetation history of the Arctic ranging over 50 thousand years and found that many plants required for survival by the megafauna started to vanish during the Last Glacial Maximum (Willerslev et al., 2014). To conduct this research, the scientists analyzed the history of vegetation across

U.S. Supreme Court Case Tennessee vs. Garner Study

U.S. Supreme Court Tennessee vs. Garner - Case Study Example The various arms and appendages of law while towing the practical manifestations of their powers do sometimes give way to special situations that alter and remold the conscience of a society and bring them under direct and enhanced observation and scrutiny of the masses and the intelligentsia. Infact such instances happen to be the important turning points in the legal and judicial history of any nation and do many a times lead to the evolution of the existing statutory provisions in the light of the current and emerging changes in the society. US Supreme Court case Tennessee vs. Garner is one such thought provoking event in the legal history of the US that strikingly challenged the existing statutory provisions pertaining to the use of force by the law enforcement agencies and called for reinterpretation and reshaping of this earlier taken for granted aspect of the policing in the US. October 3, 1974 was one other usual day in the life of the Memphis Police Officers Leslie Wright and Eton Hymon, when they were ordered to respond to a "prowler inside call". Both the officers promptly arrived on the scene of crime and after receiving relevant feedback from the neighbors, proceeded to scan the house being targeted. Hymon noticed a person running across the backyard and with the aid of his flashlight, was reasonably able to discern that the suspect, Edward Garner was an unarmed teenager of slight built (Findlaw, 2008). When Garner tried to climb over a fence, Hymon shot him in the back of his head to prevent him from escaping from the scene of crime (Findlaw, 2008). Later on a paltry ten dollars and a ring stolen from the house being scanned was found on the body of the suspect. Hymon acted in direct exercise of the authority given by a Tennessee statute to its police officers, sanctioning a deadly use of force so as to apprehend a fleeing suspect (Findlaw, 2008). The father of the deceased teenager filed a suit in the Federal District Court, to seek damages for the death and violation of his son's constitutional rights (Findlaw, 2008). The District Court upheld the constitutional credentials of the given statute and declared the officer's actions to be legal and valid (Findlaw, 2008). However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, while responding to an appeal by the appellee-respondent, reversed, stating that the use of force against a fleeing suspect in pursuance of the requirements of the Fourth Amendment is subject to be qualified in the light of the criteria of reasonableness (Findlaw, 2008). The basic issue that this case brings to fore is the ascertaining of the constitutionality of the deadly use of force by the law enforcement agencies against an unarmed, fleeing suspect (Findlaw, 2008). It questions the gross generalization of the provisions pertaining to the use of force by the law enforcement agencies against the relatively innocuous suspects who try to flee. Should the nature or proportion of force used by a police team against an escaping terrorist be same as that used against a harmless teenager, who attempts to escape from the scene of some petty crime This case highlights the human rights of the fleeing suspects and pragmatically checks the unrestrained use of force by t

Polonius has sometimes been presented Essay Example for Free

Polonius has sometimes been presented Essay There has been much debate amongst critics and directors alike on the depth of Poloniuss character, and his purpose in the play. There are those, such as critic Myron Taylor, who view him as a more sinister persona, arguing his ineffectuality does not excuse his moral deviousness. Appearance has become his reality, thus implying he is used for menacing dramatic effect. However others take a more sympathetic view, for example Elkin Calhoun Wilson; that dotage repeatedly amuses us in his fondness for lecturing and giving advice, however sound, to his meandering young;, therefore interpreting him as a more bumbling and comical element to an otherwise serious play. Despite understanding both these views I still, like Hamlet, see Polonius as a rash, intruding fool [Act. 3Scene. 4 line33]and believe anything done that may appear enigmatic or ominous can only have occurred unintentionally (in the script) or through exaggeration in directing. Similarly to Wilson, I can see how Polonius would add light-hearted, comic relief to the play, especially when paired with quick-witted Hamlet, highlighting the cracks in Poloniuss delusional wise role he has adopted. Polonius has traditionally been played as a sinister character, with exaggerations on his spying and sneaking around castles, as is portrayed in Franco Zeffirellis version, though many productions in the 20th Century have instead portrayed him as older and more bumbling to bring a comic element to the play. There are two sides of Polonius shown in Act 1 Scene 3 and Act 2 Scene 1. These focus on his relationships with Ophelia and Laertes, and to me portray him as foolish again, though not unintelligent. He appears authoritative Look tot I charge you; come your ways [Scene3 line. 135 to Ophelia] and gives further instructions to Laertes Aboard, aboard.. neither a borrower nor a lender be [lines55+75]. This particular line enforces the idea he is comical/foolish; advising Laertes to leave else hell miss his crossing, yet proceeding to bombard him with a lengthy advisory speech that states what is obvious. It does seem that he is rambling here as well, as of course Laertes is returning to university, not just starting, making the well-meant advice effectively knowledge that Laertes already has. Both his offspring create an impression of having to be patient with him, replying in just short sentences as if to make up for time lost Most humbly do I take leave my lord [Laertes line 81]. The audiences knowledge that he isnt as respected as he thinks himself to be can be humorous, developing an almost bumbling man who is held in higher esteem by himself than even his long-suffering, and in the case of Ophelia, oppressed, children. With Ophelia, there is a significant difference their relationship than that with Laertes; Polonius seems highly insensitive to her feelings, and Ophelias replies become more restrained and subservient. When speaking to Ophelia, for example, Polonius advises her on her relationship with Hamlet Do not believe his vows, for they are brokers [Act 1 sc. 3 line 127]; in Kenneth Branaghs production of the play, Ophelia has already slept with Hamlet, and Branagh makes use of flashbacks in Ophelias mind of their sexual relations as she listens absent-mindedly to her father. This helps back up an image of Polonius as rather ignorant, especially as Ophelias reply is so submissive, building an impression of an advisor of little use to anybody, which in turn strengthens his role as a comic. However, this display of likeability could be argued to be compromised in Act 2 Scene 1 as Polonius plots to send spies after Laertes put on him What forgeries you please, [Act 2 sc. 1 lines19+20], potentially revealing a darker side to him, yet for me this is ruined later on in dialogue And then, sir, doesa this-he does-what was I about to say? suggesting he puts on an act whilst playing up his deviousness, as the inconsistency in language, dashes and faltering punctuation portray an inconsistent mind that runs away too easily and is not to be taken seriously; quite like the character itself: not intended to be a serious one. With relevance to Claudius, when both in a scene, Polonius can either be argued to be more devious or even more of a fool. The former view could have been picked up on because of the spying and meddling that occurs between the two of them, such as in Act 3 Sc. 1 Her father and myself, lawful espials, Will so bestow ourselves [ lines 32+33] and to some may show a more sinister shade to his persona. In Branaghs full-length version, Polonius is shown to be slyer, with the including of his (spying) scene with Reynaldo; a scene some directors cut out to enhance their own, more positive view of the character, due to his scheming. Polonius is in a superior position in the court, which has been argued to be deliberate to use his status power to a menacingly-inclined advantage, but is this because of his wisdom (as critic Harry Levin believes [Polonius is] quotable because of the wisdom of his comments), or because Claudius just needs a friend? There is a theory which might explain his position, interpreting him as someone who once had a great mind, but is now losing control of it. This is Polonius in a more tragic light, though Claudius evidently still relies on him and trusts him, as he follows Poloniuss advice regarding spying, but also agreeing to a meeting between Hamlet and the Queen before Hamlet is sent to England. The latter theory is the viewpoint that perhaps Claudius and Gertrude see him as a fool. When Polonius in Act 2 Sc. 2 gets carried away in his own wordiness Why day is day, night night [line 88] unintentionally, he is opposing himself to the idea of his speech brevity is the soul of wit [line 90], and Gertrude even remarks More matter with less art. [line 95], in other words, bluntly pointing out that Poloniuss act as a wise advisor is conjured by himself; that he is not the mind he thinks himself to be. Act 3 Scene 1 reconfirms my original theory, as Polonius guesses-incorrectly and slightly hypocritically-that the cause of Hamlets madness is down to Ophelias rejection, again giving Hamlet, and the audience, the upper hand yet do I believe The origin and commencement of his grief/ Sprung from neglected love. Even when it is confirmed that hamlets madness has nothing to do with Ophelia, Polonius sticks to his theory despite all evidence pointing to the contrary. Far from appearing sinister then, the two (Claudius and Polonius) together appear foolish, like puppets with Hamlet as their master, manipulating and playing their minds. This is demonstrated earlier in the play, as Polonius tells Ophelia not to believe his vows for they are brokers [Act 1 sc. 3 line 127], yet here, he himself is taken in by Hamlets performance. It is also worth noting that Polonius had previously told Ophelia Affection? Pooh, you speak like a green girl [Act 1 Sc. 3, lines 127, + 101], showing he is proving to be stubborn on a matter he previously disagreed with-and seemed so ready to persuade Ophelia likewise of- himself. Polonius is often contrasted with Hamlet. It could be argued his place in the play is to emphasise Hamlets quick-wittedness and intelligent nature. He seems not to understand the Prince is teasing him conversationally; I did enact Julius Caesar, I was killed I th Capitol; Brutus killed me [Polonius Act 3 Sc. 2lines 105+106] It was a brute part of him to kill so capitol a calf there [Hamlet lines 107+8]. Scenes like this also help to contrast Hamlets sharp dialogue with Poloniuss slow, lengthy style of speech, particularly when he is with the King or Queen and uses it to impress: as Elkin Calhoun Wilson has noticed and over-elaborating it [his wisdom] in speech with the King and Queen. Hamlet further makes Polonius the butt of his jokes in Act 3 Scene 2 By th mass and tis, like a camel indeed [Polonius line 375] Methinks it is like a weasel [Hamlet line 376] and has more fun at the old diplomats expense. It also quite blatantly makes a joke out of Polonius, the laughs in the audience this time actually being against him, as he remains too involved in the sound of his own voice to properly register what Hamlet is saying, establishing him unarguably as a comic character. Hamlet is a character with an excellent command over language in the play though, and is naturally clever without striving to be, whereas Polonius speaks in dragging, slow bouts and wants to be considered wise. There is clearly little respect towards Polonius from Hamlet (you are a fishmonger [Act.2 Sc. 2 line 174], and, as he is the protagonist of the play, this sways the audiences opinion towards him. He is almost too cruel towards him at some points though, e. g. old men have grey beards they have a plentiful lack of wit [Act. 2 Sc. 2 lines 197-201], clearly describing Polonius, and so perhaps enforcing the idea of him as a tragic character. Right until the end, Hamlet still treats Polonius as a second-class person; showing no remorse at his death and branding him a rash, intruding fool [Act 3 Scene 4 line 33] which of course he was. The words intruding convey a completely different meaning to cleverly inquisitive and rash doesnt invite the praise spontaneous would. He was then labelled a fool during his time in the play, and labelled a fool again upon his exit. It is ironic Poloniuss death should be so unceremonious [Act 3 Scene 4, stage directions Exit Hamlet dragging in Polonius line 219] given that his persona in the play was one of elaboration and false grandeur. This is almost like a last, bittersweet laugh against him, exactly the opposite of how he would have liked to have exited, the word dragged being of particular importance, as when performed on stage this would have been so undignified as to have crossed slightly into black humour territory, depending on the director (Ill lug the guts into the neighbour room, Hamlet, Act. 3 Scene. 4, line 213)It is also exposing that Polonius should have been killed from behind the arras, and in a foolish way too. It would have been wiser to remain hidden, and so by shouting, symbolically, perhaps Polonius was revealing the shallowness there was to his sinister persona. Hamlets reaction is one of brevity and disrespect I took thee for thy better [line 134]. However, his death does act as a catalyst for the race towards the ending of the play; Hamlet is sent to England to meet his death, though Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are killed instead. This proceeds to him finally taking revenge on Claudius, and results in the murders of Gertrude, Hamlet, Laertes and Claudius. Whether this increases his worth or not in the play is open to interpretation. Elkin Calhoun Wilson decides Polonius has a minor tragic dimension as well as a major comic boasting [my] eyes catch a more embracive view of him than Hamlets possibly can and with this I can, to an extent, agree. It is tragic he should be cast off in such a way, and in him there was not just the doddering old fool, but also, as Elkin writes, a comic appendage. Overall then, looking at various views and studying the text thoroughly, I can stick by my judgement of Polonius as a foolish, though comic, character. Although considered unimportant by those in the play, I believe him to bring a welcome relief from the drama and tragedy entangled in the plot which would otherwise make for a very depressing production. Of course, it is down to personal interpretation how a director would present the character, but to me the lengthy and self-important dialogue is unavoidable, and the undignified death inevitable, making Polonius -arguably- doomed to lack credible menace void of irony and humour, and therefore set firmly as a foolish prating character. 1999 words Sophie Mayall. Bibliography: Websites used:http://www. metroactive. com/papers/metro/02. 20. 97/branagh-9708. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Polonius www. jstor. org- Studies in English Literature 1500-1900: Vol. 8, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean England www. jstor. org- Shakespeare Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter 1958), pp. 83-85 Films: Kenneth Branaghs film version Hamlet: 1996 Franco Zeffirellis film version Hamlet: 1990 Copies of the text: Cambridge School Shakespeare First Edition, published 1994 Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare, published 2000 Journals: Shakespeare Quarterly: Vol. 9 (winter 2005), Vol. 8 No. 2 (spring 1968).

Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay -- English Literature Essays

Tess of the D'Urbervilles Tess of the d’Urbervilles is subtitled ‘A pure woman’ and this is how Thomas Hardy sees and portrays her throughout his novel. As the novel progresses the reader is introduced to many aspects of Tess as she grows from being a child on the verge of adulthood to a mature and experienced woman. In some parts of the book Hardy describes Tess as very passive but in other parts of the novel she is shown as a powerful and even godly sort of woman. The character of Tess is first shown near the beginning of the book as a proud and shy young girl. She is very loving of her family and holds them in high regard especially her parents even though they sometimes do feckless, irresponsible things such as when her father went to Rolliver’s (a pub) before going on an important delivery to â€Å"get up his strength for his journey†. At the club-walking at the beginning of the book Tess is shown to be just an ordinary, innocent country girl â€Å"not handsomer than some others† but it is also indicated that she is very attractive. The white dress she wears symbolises purity and virginity and Hardy suggests that this purity comes from lack of experience as he describes her as â€Å"untinctured† by it. She is also shown to be very protective of her father and when she is teased by her friends about him it appears that she is quite sensitive and not resilient to embarrassment. At this point Tess is a â€Å"mere vessel of emotion† and she still has a local dialect but with some educated speech. Tess is more responsible than her parents as she takes the beehive delivery herself when her father is too hung-over to do it. She is, however, contrary to her ordinariness marked out from the rest of her friends and fellow country girls from the very start of the book by a red ribbon in her hair. This doesn’t seem very significant at first but as the story progresses the colour red is mentioned several times to describe her and single her out from the rest. Some other examples of this are the blood of Prince (the family horse) which splashes on her white dress after he dies, her red mouth which is described as a flower a couple of times throughout the novel and Alec when he is described as â€Å"the blood-red ray in the spectrum of her young life†. The colour red, in general, is also frequently used to symbolise danger, passion, death and anger. Tess at this point in the nove... ...the same chapter. This happened at twilight, which the time between night and day that Hardy believed people became very sensitive to the world around them. Hardy has mentioned this theory of his before when Tess returns to Marlott after getting pregnant with Alec d’Urberville’s child. It is silent around that time and Tess seems to enjoy silence and not think of it as the absence of sound. As Tess noiselessly walks up to Angel, who is portrayed as a genuine stereotypical angel playing a harp â€Å"in the attic above her head†, she is described using the imagery of birth, growth and nature seems to be in a sort of hallucinatory, erotic ecstasy. This chapter also uses synaethesia to describe how she felt as she heard the music coming from Angel’s harp such as â€Å"the harmonies passed like breezes† and â€Å"his notes made visible†. In my opinion I think that this novel is quite depressing and the reader feels sorry for Tess as her misfortunes are usually not her fault. Personally I think that Tess is quite weak and if she had not been so weak she could have taken control of her life like she did at the end when she murdered Alec instead of being as passive as she was throughout the novel.

Humalit Poems – Torres

CHILDREN AND LOVERS Ophelia Alcantara-Dimalanta (1934-2010) children have a special knack for making you feel odd and nude suddenly even with that vaguest piece of smile you ready somewhere to cover a scorching shame when they wickedly naive and sportive barge in without ceremony and when you finally shut that errant door on them again to try resuming love you terminate it both ways instead it seems the look of bewilderment and hurt they leave behind you cannot annul henceforth an alienating chill scudding across your upright headboard flipped into stiffened sheets and consciences eighty and brittle with adult experiences and reconsidered passions confounding even the best intentions but even more final than all finalities fumbled for is the cool crisp â€Å"later† you wall them away with somewhere again love waiting suffers a little falling away you end up wishing lovers are more like gaming children and children less like gnarled impatient lovers. DREAMWEAVERS Marjorie M. Ev asco (b. 1953) We are entitled to our own definitions of the worlds we have in common: earthhouse(stay) waterwell(carry) firestove(tend) airsong(sigh) etherdream(die) and try out new combinations ith key words unlocking power house on fire sing! stove under water stay, earth filled well die. The spells and spellings of our vocabularies are oracular in translation one woman in Pagnito-an another in Solentiname still another in Harxheim and many other women naming half the world together canmove their earth musthouse their fire be water to their song will their dreams well. THE CONVERSION J. Neil C. Garcia (b. 1969) It happened in a metal drum. They put me there, my family that loved me. The water had been saved just for it, that day. The laundry lay caked and smellyIn the flower-shaped basins. Dishes soiled with fat and swill piled high in the sink, and grew flies. My cousins did not get washed that morning. Lost in masks of snot and dust, their faces looked tired and resigned to the dirty lot of children. All the neighbors gathered around our open-air bathroom. Wives peered out from the upper floor of their houses into our yard. Father had arrived booming with his cousins, my uncles. They were big, strong men, my uncles. They turned the house inside-out looking for me. Curled up in the deepest corner of my dead mother’s cabinet, father found me.He dragged me down the stairs by the hair into the waiting arms of my uncles. Because of modesty, I merely screamed and cried. Their hands, swollen and black with hair, bore me up in the air, and touched me. Into the cold of the drum I slipped, the tingling too much to bear at times my knees felt like they had turned into water. Waves swirled up and down around me, my head bobbing up and down. Father kept booming, Girl or Boy. I thought about it and squealed, Girl. Water curled under my nose. When I rose the same two words from father. The same girl kept sinking deeper, breathing deeper in the churning void.In th e end I had to say what they all wanted me to say. I had to bring this diversion to its happy end, if only for the pot of rice left burning in the kitchen. I had to stop wearing my dead mother’s clothes. In the mirror I watched the holes on my ears grow smaller, until they looked as if they had never heard of rhinestones, nor felt their glassy weight. I should feel happy now that I’m redeemed. And I do. Father died within five years. I got my wife pregnant with the next. Our four children, all boys, are the joy of my manhood, my proof. Cousins who never shed their masks lay them for all their snot and grime. Another child is on the way. I have stopped caring what it will be. Water is still a problem and the drum is still there, deep and rusty. The bathroom has been roofed over with plastic. Scrubbed and clean, my wife knows I like things. She follows, though sometimes a pighead she is. It does not hurt to show her who is the man. A woman needs some talking sense into. If not, I hit her in the mouth to learn her. Every time, swill drips from her shredded lips. I drink with my uncles who all agree. They should because tonight I own their souls nd the bottles they nuzzle like their prides. While they boom and boom flies whirr over their heads that grew them. Though nobody remembers, I sometimes think of the girl who drowned somewhere in a dream many dreams ago. I see her at night with bubbles springing like flowers from her nose. She is dying and before she sinks I try to touch her open face. But the water learns to heal itself and closes around her like a wound. I should feel sorry but I drown myself in gin before I can. Better off dead, I say to myself and my family that loves me for my bitter breath. We die to rise to a better life. Humalit Poems – Torres CHILDREN AND LOVERS Ophelia Alcantara-Dimalanta (1934-2010) children have a special knack for making you feel odd and nude suddenly even with that vaguest piece of smile you ready somewhere to cover a scorching shame when they wickedly naive and sportive barge in without ceremony and when you finally shut that errant door on them again to try resuming love you terminate it both ways instead it seems the look of bewilderment and hurt they leave behind you cannot annul henceforth an alienating chill scudding across your upright headboard flipped into stiffened sheets and consciences eighty and brittle with adult experiences and reconsidered passions confounding even the best intentions but even more final than all finalities fumbled for is the cool crisp â€Å"later† you wall them away with somewhere again love waiting suffers a little falling away you end up wishing lovers are more like gaming children and children less like gnarled impatient lovers. DREAMWEAVERS Marjorie M. Ev asco (b. 1953) We are entitled to our own definitions of the worlds we have in common: earthhouse(stay) waterwell(carry) firestove(tend) airsong(sigh) etherdream(die) and try out new combinations ith key words unlocking power house on fire sing! stove under water stay, earth filled well die. The spells and spellings of our vocabularies are oracular in translation one woman in Pagnito-an another in Solentiname still another in Harxheim and many other women naming half the world together canmove their earth musthouse their fire be water to their song will their dreams well. THE CONVERSION J. Neil C. Garcia (b. 1969) It happened in a metal drum. They put me there, my family that loved me. The water had been saved just for it, that day. The laundry lay caked and smellyIn the flower-shaped basins. Dishes soiled with fat and swill piled high in the sink, and grew flies. My cousins did not get washed that morning. Lost in masks of snot and dust, their faces looked tired and resigned to the dirty lot of children. All the neighbors gathered around our open-air bathroom. Wives peered out from the upper floor of their houses into our yard. Father had arrived booming with his cousins, my uncles. They were big, strong men, my uncles. They turned the house inside-out looking for me. Curled up in the deepest corner of my dead mother’s cabinet, father found me.He dragged me down the stairs by the hair into the waiting arms of my uncles. Because of modesty, I merely screamed and cried. Their hands, swollen and black with hair, bore me up in the air, and touched me. Into the cold of the drum I slipped, the tingling too much to bear at times my knees felt like they had turned into water. Waves swirled up and down around me, my head bobbing up and down. Father kept booming, Girl or Boy. I thought about it and squealed, Girl. Water curled under my nose. When I rose the same two words from father. The same girl kept sinking deeper, breathing deeper in the churning void.In th e end I had to say what they all wanted me to say. I had to bring this diversion to its happy end, if only for the pot of rice left burning in the kitchen. I had to stop wearing my dead mother’s clothes. In the mirror I watched the holes on my ears grow smaller, until they looked as if they had never heard of rhinestones, nor felt their glassy weight. I should feel happy now that I’m redeemed. And I do. Father died within five years. I got my wife pregnant with the next. Our four children, all boys, are the joy of my manhood, my proof. Cousins who never shed their masks lay them for all their snot and grime. Another child is on the way. I have stopped caring what it will be. Water is still a problem and the drum is still there, deep and rusty. The bathroom has been roofed over with plastic. Scrubbed and clean, my wife knows I like things. She follows, though sometimes a pighead she is. It does not hurt to show her who is the man. A woman needs some talking sense into. If not, I hit her in the mouth to learn her. Every time, swill drips from her shredded lips. I drink with my uncles who all agree. They should because tonight I own their souls nd the bottles they nuzzle like their prides. While they boom and boom flies whirr over their heads that grew them. Though nobody remembers, I sometimes think of the girl who drowned somewhere in a dream many dreams ago. I see her at night with bubbles springing like flowers from her nose. She is dying and before she sinks I try to touch her open face. But the water learns to heal itself and closes around her like a wound. I should feel sorry but I drown myself in gin before I can. Better off dead, I say to myself and my family that loves me for my bitter breath. We die to rise to a better life.

Green Computing Research Project Essay

Introduction: Currently many organizations are depending upon the computing environment to manage the process within the work place and become stabilized across different market group. Although most of them are not aware how far the computing environment is impacting the outer area but still to fulfill the requirements it is very much essential for them to go for it. Keeping these things in mind, we have come up with a new project called â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† that mainly aims to improve the computing technology by guiding the organization through better approaches (Deepak, 2005). This project mainly aims to enhance the work functionality by providing many new opportunities in the current market. By getting into this project, the organization will look into more software solutions to reduce energy, improving the performance and efficiency of data centers and focused towards green technology. Requirements: The project will drive each organization towards success path, but the only thing required is cooperation which will ensure a strong motivation for the project development team. As long as the teams support the development team, it will be easy for the organization to get more ideas and gain more techniques to create long term scenario for â€Å"Green Computing Research Project†. Secondly budget is needed timely to avoid any kind of discrepancy in the project development, in fact I will say if the project development has to be mother, it is necessary for all sponsors to look at the situation on regular basis (Stevens, 2002). Apart from that resourcing also plays vital role in deciding the play strategy for the project; a strong resource will take the best approach to make the project success at all possible points and draw the attention of each sponsors. As per the previous discussion, Ben is one of the sponsors for this project and the organization has selected Peter as the p roject manager. Looking at the previous experience of Peter, it is quite obvious to say that Peter could take the opportunity and the five member team led by Peter will have the better scope to manage the vision of this project. It is responsibility of Peter to ensure the correct strategy is made for each resource and they are capable enough to take up the challenges ahead. Here under is official documentation of the project requirements: Stakeholders : Ben ( Sponsor), Peter James (Project Manager), Steve Arnold ( IT support), Kelly Adams ( Researcher ), Sherry Michaels ( Researcher), Antony Gabbot (Researcher), Mohamed (Publisher and researcher) , Amr ( Expert Editor). Project Description: The Main output is to produce are a serious of research reports –one of each green computing technologies listed earlier plus one final report including all data. Also formal project proposal will be demonstrated for the best four recommendations for implementing some of these technologies. Challenges: Working in virtual environment where the whole team works together from different locations. Since different stakeholders will have different views of the requirements, so it is a good idea to create a requirements traceability matrix to trace each developed feature back to the person, group or entity that requested it during the requirements gathering . Test cases and previous project references are used in this RTM. ET is abbreviation to Environmental Technologies program , and GP is abbreviation to Green Computing projects . Questions for Sponsor: For every development activities, sponsors play vital role because they have to provide complete support to take the project ahead and create better opportunities for all major stake holders. It may not be correct to say that sponsors always look for the success because their investment does not allow them to look for failure situation; based on that they try to find out the resources to lead the project activity. For â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† Ben has taken the major sponsors role, in that case peter has to approach with certain questions that will clarify all confusions between development team as well as the sponsors. And also Peter must take few steps to go ahead with some proposal from the users because it will be benefitted for all those people who are fully dependent upon computing environment. The questions for sponsors are described below: What is expectation level from â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† Will you provide a complete support during any of the major disaster period Provide a complete description of your availability for this project What kind of priority you have for this project How will you accept the project result and make it use for other stake holders Will you facilitate proper problem solving skills Scope Statement: The project â€Å"Green Computing Research Project† will bear all necessary terms and conditions before being released to deliverable stage. We as in development expect the users will be facilitated with necessary information  to take the project in right way so that there won’t be any kind of miss understanding (Kousholt, 2007). After the entire project aims to provide opportunities to all stake holders who are dependent upon the computing environment. A. Deliverables: A complete structured wise computing environment to stabilize the computing activities and provide better opportunities to grab new opportunities A fine technology where the organization can create the base to run the process Highly efficiency and compatible devices to take up the major load activities across all units Technical guidance along with other support to ensure the safe installation B. Milestones: Project approved—Jan 1st Foundation poured—Jan 2nd QC and other parallel activities- Jan15th-Jun16th Final Inspection- May 16th-June 4th C. Technical Requirements: All stake holders must have complete knowledge about the project surrounding Technical experts must be available for any emergency Complete R&D support Additional Training programs for the developer Solid computing platform for conducting frequent test D. Limits and Exclusions: Team will be strict to the design as per the prior decision Continuous support must be needed during any of the emergency Measuring device will not be placed in the project Development team reserves all rights to ask if anything goes beyond contract Project manager is responsible for entire quality measure Working hours is limited From Mon-Fri 8.30 AM to 5.30 PM E. Final Review: CIO and Ben Organization will review four recommendations out of 20 projects. Proposal for recommended project Included documented researches, test cases, and Business case for each project. References: Khazanchi, Deepak (2005). Patterns of Effective Project Management in Virtual Projects: An Exploratory Study. Project Management Institute. ISBN 9781930699830, Retrieved from: http://www.pmi.org/en/Knowledge-Center/Research-Completed-Research/Patterns-of-Effective-Project-Management-in-Virtual-Projects.aspx Martin,Stevens (2002). Project Management Pathways: Association for Project Management. APM Publishing Limited, 2002 ISBN 1-903494-01-X, Retrieved from: http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Project_Management_Pathways.html?id=UaIuQpPM4yMC&redir_esc=y Bjarne, Kousholt (2007): Project Management: Theory and practice. Nyt Teknisk Forlag. ISBN 87-571-2603-8, Retrieved from: http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Bjarne-Kousholt/1780174067

Essay on Americanism

Essay on Americanism Essay on Americanism Essay on AmericanismAmericanism has never been associated with the issues of race, gender and ancestry in the past. Franklin D. Roosevelt once said that to be an American has always been a, â€Å"Matter of mind and heart† and â€Å"nevera matter of race or ancestry.† To â€Å"race and ancestry,† one might add gender. In other words, to be an American means to be filled with Americanism, demonstrate American identity in behavior, thoughts and actions, protecting freedom and independence of the nation. Nearly all Founding Fathers, e.g. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, or John Adam reflected the meaning of Americanism in the development of the nation, portraying â€Å"the vast majority of ordinary Americans as mere bystanders.†1 However, other historians have provided the documentation that proves that â€Å"the 95 percent of Americans who were not members of the founding-era gentry shaped the independence movement and Revolutionary War and were in turn influenced by both.† 2 This fact means the ideology of true Americans reflects the ideas of Americanism. Historian and scholars provide a wide range of interpretations of the meaning of Americanism in the history of the U.S., as well as its impact on other nations. The ideals of Americanism had been practices in the development of progressive politics of the U.S. and had a strong impact on the quality of American democracy.   Thesis statement: Being an American in the past has been a matter of heart and mind and has never been a matter of race, gender or ancestry because Americanism is an ideology that reflects national identity and is based on freedom of American nation.To start with, being an American in the past has never been a matter of ancestry. The mainstream American ideology is focused on the idea of the melting pot.   The melting pot does not involve the role of ancestry because of the use of the concept of assimilation, whichis crucial for American national ide ntity. Ancestry does not form Americanism. The Slaves’ Petition for Freedom to the Massachusetts Legislature of 1777 points out to the fact that Americanism, originated from the colonists’ revolutionary struggle against the political power of   Britain,   involved a wide range of issues regarding justice, equality and human rights. According to the Slaves’ Petition, â€Å"enslaved people throughout the colonies seized upon the rhetoric of liberty and equality to point out the contradiction of fighting Great Britain over principles not fully followed by the colonies themselves; they also appealed to Christian precepts.†3 Actually, being an American in the past has never been a matter of ancestry because of the various identities formed into a single American identity. For example, African Americans (former slaves), Asian Americans (immigrants), Italian Americans (immigrants), Native Americans (aboriginals) and other groups are united to form American n ation. In addition, American national identity is idealized social destiny of many groups of population. American people are hold together due to common ideals, and the lack of a common origin or ancestry cannot affect the development of American nation. Americans adhere to the ideals of democratic society. They have always fought for the establishment of equal human rights and the abolishment of slavery. During the period of the Great Depression, homelessness appeared as the result of economic crises, but it had nothing common with the matter of ancestry. According to researchers, â€Å"the homeless man – the tramp, the hobo, the vagrant – became alternately the embodiment of rugged American individualism and a metaphor for social disorder.†Besides, being an American in the past has never been a matter of gender. According to Ellen DuBois, the American women’s suffrage movement originated from the public protest meeting that was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848. The major goal of this historic meeting was to join the right of women with men’s rights in their privileges, including voting rights. The impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction epoch on gender issues was enormous. In 1860, the right to vote had become the primary concern of the women’s rights movement. The Fourteenth Amendment addressed the issue of gender inequalities. However, it did not affect Americanism, because both man and women considered themselves Americans. Women fought for their rights, and their struggle was part of American identity. According to researchers, â€Å"an independent movement of women for women turned the campaign for suffrage into a continuing source of activism and political sophistication for coming generations of women.†5 Although there were some difficulties in recruiting women after WWII, because women in military were regarded as â€Å"prostitutes and cross-dressers†, that issue did not affect Am erican ideals of democracy and freedom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, being an American in the past has never been a matter of race. Racial issues had been raised in America since the adoption of the Constitution. From the historical perspective of reforms in America, â€Å"there were continuities, shifts, and discontinuities after the Civil War.†Ã‚  During the Civil War and the Reconstruction era, racial issues had a strong impact on society, but the principle of Americanism, as the basis of democracy, had always been one of the major goals of the American struggle in any historical period.   This struggle had always been aimed at establishing democracy and providing equal opportunities to all citizens, both Northerners and Southerners.I completely agree with the fact that being an American in the past has been a matter of heart and mind. American national identity is used to highlight the construction of a unified nation, which includes various raci al and ethnic groups. Americans are unified based on the established principles of Americanism, which reflects democratic ideals. Good Americans are those people who demonstrate loyalty to their country, as well as the desire to live in democratic society, enjoying freedom and equal rights. Multiculturalism is the result of ethnic and racial self-assentation in America. Actually, the national ideology created by Americanism is flourishing now, reflecting the progressive ideas of Americanism and playing an important role in shaping the future of American nation.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that being an American in the past has been a matter of heart and mind because of the uniqueness of American ideology and the emergence of Americanism, but being an American in the past has never been a matter of race, gender or ancestry. Revolutionary tradition in America reflects Americanism and the established American ideals. The natio nal ideology is flourishing in the U.S. due to the progressiveness of Americanism. It plays a crucial role in shaping the future of American nation and its ideals.

Pros and Cons of a Closed Shop in the Workplace

Pros and Cons of a Closed Shop in the Workplace If you decide to go to work for a company that tells you it operates under a â€Å"closed shop† arrangement, what does that mean to you and how might it affect your future employment? The term closed shop refers to a business that requires all workers to join a particular labor union as a precondition of being hired and to remain a member of that union during the entire term of their employment. The purpose of a closed shop agreement is to guarantee that all workers observe the union rules, such as paying monthly dues, taking part in strikes and work-stoppages, and accepting the terms of wage and working conditions approved by the union leaders in collective bargaining agreements with company management. Key Takeaways: Closed Shop â€Å"Closed shops† are businesses that require all of their workers to join a labor union as a precondition of employment and to remain members of the union in order to keep their jobs. The opposite of a closed shop is an â€Å"open shop.†Closed shops are allowed under the 1935 National Labor Relations Act, intended to prevent businesses from engaging in labor practices that harm workers.  While union membership offers workers advantages, such as the power to negotiate for higher wages and better working conditions, it also has potential  drawbacks. Similar to a closed shop, a â€Å"union shop,† refers to a business that requires all workers to join the union within a specified length of time after they are hired as a condition of their continued employment. At the other end of the labor spectrum is the â€Å"open shop,† which does not require its workers to join or financially support a union as a condition of hiring or continued employment. History of the Closed Shop Arrangement The ability of companies to enter into closed shop arrangements was one of the many workers’ rights provided by the federal National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) - popularly called the Wagner Act - signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. The NLRA protects the rights of workers to organize, bargain collectively, and prevent management from taking part in labor practices that might interfere with those rights. To the benefit of businesses, the NLRA prohibits certain private sector labor and management practices, which could harm workers, businesses, and ultimately the U.S. economy. Immediately after enactment of the NLRA, the practice of collective bargaining was not viewed favorably  by businesses or the courts, which considered the practice to be illegal and anti-competitive. As courts began to accept the legality of labor unions, the unions began to assert greater influence over hiring practices, including the requirement for closed shop union membership.   The surging economy and growth of new businesses following World War II spurred a backlash against union practices. In reaction, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which banned closed and union shop arrangements unless authorized by a majority of the workers in a secret vote. In 1951, however, this provision of Taft-Hartley was amended to allow union shops without a vote of the majority of the workers.   Today, 28 states have enacted so-called â€Å"Right to Work† laws, under which employees in unionized workplaces may not be required to either join the union or pay union dues in order to receive the same benefits as dues-paying union members. However, state-level Right to Work laws do not apply to industries that operate in interstate commerce such as trucking, railroads and airlines. Pros and Cons of Closed Shop Arrangements Justification of the closed shop arrangement is built on the unions’ belief that only through unanimous participation and â€Å"united we stand† solidarity can they ensure the fair treatment of workers by company management. Despite its promised benefits to workers, union membership has decreased notably since the late 1990s. This is largely attributable to the fact that while closed shop union membership offers workers several advantages such as higher wages and better benefits, the unavoidably complex nature of the unionized employer-employee relationship means that those advantages can be largely wiped out by their potential negative impact. Wages, Benefits, and Working Conditions Pros: The process of collective bargaining empowers unions to negotiate higher wages, improved benefits and better working conditions for their members. Cons: The higher wages and enhanced benefits that often won in union collective bargaining negations can drive a business’s costs to dangerously high levels. Companies that become unable to pay the costs associated with union labor are left with options that can harm both consumers and workers. They may raise the prices of their goods or services to consumers. They may also outsource jobs to lower-paid contract workers or stop hiring new union employees, resulting in a workforce that is unable to handle the workload.   By forcing even unwilling workers to pay union dues, leaving their only option being to work somewhere else, the closed shop requirement can be viewed as an infringement of their rights. When a union’s initiation fees become so high that they effectively bar new members from joining, employers lose their privilege of hiring competent new workers or firing incompetent ones. Job Security Pros: Union employees are guaranteed a voice - and a vote - in the affairs of their workplace. The union represents and advocates for the employee in disciplinary actions, including terminations. Unions typically fight to prevent worker layoffs, hiring freezes, and permanent staff reductions, thus resulting in greater job security. Cons: The protection of union intervention often makes it hard for companies to discipline, terminate or even promote employees. Union membership can be influenced by cronyism, or a â€Å"good-old-boy† mentality. Unions ultimately decide who does and who does not become a member. Particularly in unions that accept new members only through union-approved apprenticeship programs, gaining membership can become more about â€Å"who† you know and less about ​â€Å"what† you know. Power In the Workplace Pros: Drawing from the old adage of â€Å"power in numbers,† union employees have a collective voice. In order to remain productive and profitable, companies are compelled to negotiate with employees on workplace-related issues. Of course, the ultimate example of the power of union workers is their right to halt all production through strikes. Cons: The potentially adversarial relationship between the union and management - us vs. them - creates a counterproductive environment. The combative nature of the relationship, spiked by constant threats of strikes or work slowdowns, promotes hostility and disloyalty in the workplace rather than cooperation and collaboration. Unlike their non-union counterparts, all union workers are forced to take part in strikes called by a majority vote of the membership. The result is lost income for the workers and lost profit for the company. In addition, strikes rarely enjoy public support. Especially if striking union members are already better paid than non-union workers, striking can make them appear to the public as greedy and self-serving. Finally, strikes in critical public sector agencies such as law enforcement, emergency services, and sanitation can create dangerous threats to public health and safety.